Federal Aviation Regulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal Aviation Regulation - Research Paper Example er identified with: drafting and authorizing air activity principles, permitting pilots, creating aviation routes, affirmation of airplane and numerous other related variables. For this impressive errand to succeed, another Aeronautics extension of the Department of Commerce was needed. The Federal Aviation Regulations, or FARs, are principles recommended by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) overseeing all flight exercises in the United States. The FARs are a piece of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (Canavan, 2002). A wide mixed bag of exercises are controlled, for example, airplane outline and support, normal air transport flights, pilot preparing exercises, hot-air ballooning, lighter-than-air flying machine, man-made structure statures, check lighting and stamping, and even model rocket dispatches, model air ship operation, and kite flying. The tenets are intended to advance safe flight, ensuring pilots, flight specialists, travelers and the overall population from unnecessary danger. Since 1958, these standards have normally been alluded to as Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) (Administration, 2013). According to Canavan (2002), the FARs are composed into areas, called parts because of their association inside the CFR. Each one section manages a particular sort of movement. For instance, 14 CFR Part 141 contains guidelines for pilot preparing schools and the most applicable areas to air ship pilots and AMTs (Aviation Maintenance Technicians) are recorded underneath (Canavan, 2002). A large number of the FARs are intended to control certificate of pilots, schools, or flying machine instead of the operation of planes. Once a plane configuration is affirmed utilizing a few parts of these regulations, it is guaranteed paying little heed to whether the regulations change later on. Hence, more current planes are ensured utilizing fresher variants of the FARs and in numerous perspectives may be in this way considered more secure

Tax Return Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Tax Return Worksheet Essay 1. Even though Gloria is single, her filing status is Head of Household. Why is Gloria able to file as head of household? Gloria is able to file head of house hold in this case because, she has a qualifying dependent. A qualifying dependent would be a closely related relative dependent that you have provided for maintaining a home for yourself and your dependent or dependents. 2. How does Gloria benefit from filing as head of household, rather than single? She benefits more from filing head of household because she will get better tax benefits like higher standard deductions and lower tax rates. 3. What is Gloria’s adjusted gross income? In which line in the tax form did you find her total income? Line-21 Adjusted gross income 22,275. 4. Even though Gloria is filing the short form (1040A), she is still able to get two credits. What are the two credits Gloria receives? List the line you found the answers on as well. 1,000 Additional child Tax credit line 41, and 728 for child care tax credit lines 29-33. 5. How much of a refund is Gloria going to receive? 2,500 6. What are the four steps listed in the filing checklist? Step 1: Sign and date the return. Step 2: Assemble the return. Step 3: Mail the return Step: Keep a copy. 7. On the Wage and Tax statement, list how much Gloria paid in her Federal Tax Withholding? 1,500 8. How much did she pay in Social Security and Medicare? 1,721 in total. 9. If she had owed money but was not able to pay it, what options would she have? She can apply for additional time to pay through an online application where she might get granted extra time to pay based on her situation. Also she can setup an installment agreement; she could do this by applying on a Web-based Online Payment Agreement application on IRS.gov. There she might be allowed as a taxpayer who owes $25,000 or less in combined tax, penalties and interest to self-qualify, apply for, and receive immediate notification of approval of this option. She can also request an installment agreement that under circumstances may allow her to create a convenient way to establish an installment agreement this takes away the need for personal interaction with IRS and reduces paper processing. She can also do this by completing and submitting a Form 9465 in writing, or call 1-800-829-1040 to make your request. Balances over $25,000, are due to complete a financial statement to determine the monthly payment amount for an installment plan. 10. If you have questions about filing your tax return, where would you go for help? Did any of Gloria’s tax conditions teach you about your own situation? IRS service center, and Gloria’s situation is different than mine but I did learn that there is a child care credit available, which I will take advantage next year when filing my taxes.

Web Design Essay -- Internet Graphics Designing Essays

Web Design Introduction When the Internet and World Wide Web were first created, they were designed a research tools and for the distribution of information through information systems networks. But as the use of the Web has become increasingly more complex, the focus on Web pages and their design has initiated a number of major changes. Initially, static Web pages were common, but the focus in recent years has been on the development of dynamic Web pages which are linked to databases and allow for the integration of information on a number of different levels. Web sites have progressed to a new level of sophistication, especially in terms of their capacity to track and store usage patterns and allow for the utilization of this information in the development of target advertising and focusing for both the Web page and subsequent connected databases (Tebbe N23). The development of dynamic Web sites requires strong tools and correlated databases that can retain the information that is gathered through this tracking process, and in order to become truly dynamic, Web sites must also be able to provide a company with the most up-to-date information or data that is both clear and graphically appealing (Tebbe N23). It is not surprising that many of the major industry developers have focused on ways to develop better and more interactive Web pages, and Microsoft and Netscape, for example, have focused on the development of enhanced version of HTML as a means of supporting the development of dynamic Web sites without requiring that developers have significant expertise in composing ActiveX and Java applets (Dobson 23). These forms of dynamic HTML, also known as DHTML, have been recognized as a means of maintaining standard uniformity through out the development process (Dobson 23). Over the past 3 years, the World Wide Web Consortium has been working on the preliminary specifications for critical aspects of the Document Object Model that would provide a standard for how scripts and programs are dynamically updated and how access to documents can be achieved (Dobson 23). These underpinnings of the development of dynamic Web pages underscore some of the industry issues, but do not reflect the impetus from which these Web pages came into focus. In order to understand the foundations for their development and their current significance, it is ne... ...on that is beneficial for the person accessing the site, but should also provide a structural element from which evaluations can be made by companies providing these sites. Though the structural elements of the Web site itself is imperative to attracting hits to the site, this is clearly not only element that has changed in Web site development in recent years. The focus on databases as a component of Web site interactivity is also a major element that has transformed the focus of Web site developers. It is evident that the continued changes in the industry will focus on increasing the interactivity in Web sites and improving the progression of dynamic Web sites in general. Works Cited Dobson, Rick. â€Å"Developers like DHTML, but many wait.† Byte, (2011): September, pp. 23(2). Heck, Mike. â€Å"iHTML builds database-driven, dynamic Web sites effortlessly.† InfoWorld, (2010): January, pp. 58F(1). Lam, John. â€Å"Visual InterDev and ASP.† PC Magazine, (2011): December, pp. 265(4). Mendelson, Edward. â€Å"Grand designs.† PC Magazine, (2009): March 4, pp. 100(13). Tebbe, Mark. â€Å"Surf’s over: here comes the big wave.† PC Week, (2009): November 18, pp. N23(1).

Jessica :: English Literature

Jessica Jessica Our Greatest Evil TKAMB Prejudice is just one of the many forms of evil found in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Prejudice is found everywhere, in the workplace, on the street, at school, everywhere. The novel takes place in a small town called Maycomb. The town is full of citizens who love to gossip and people who discriminate against others. The discrimination is not only against those of colour, but those of lower lass as well. They are most commonly found during the trial of Tom Robinson. Harper Lee presents prejudice as an extensive problem, most commonly in the form of social class, race, and behavior prejudice. A type of prejudice found in the novel To Kill A Mocking Bird would be social class. For example, the Ewell family is considered ‘white trash’. Mr. Ewell is someone â€Å"who will never change his ways,† (31) and will always be considered this way because of several reasons. Mr. Bob Ewell is a part of this WPA organization, a type of welfare program. Because he is the very first person to be kicked out of this program because of his laziness, it shows how much of a lower class he really is, and he is constantly bothered because of this. His several uneducated children never went to a full year of school, and worked long and hard on the farm. Another example would be the Cunningham family. â€Å"The Cunningham family never took anything they can’t pay back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (20) And when they couldn’t pay back in money, they paid their debt back in anyway possible, whether it is labor, or nuts. The younger Cunningham, Walter, came for lunch at the Finchs’, and Scout bugged him about his unnatural usage of syrup when both Atticus and Calpurnia stopped her. Calpurnia made the comment â€Å"There’s some folk who don’t eat like up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (24) The lack of availability of syrup caused him to pour syrup on food such as potatoes and meat. The Cunningham family is well known throughout the though of Maycomb, though they aren’t highly though of. Along with the Ewells’ and the Cunningham’s, Aunt Alexandra can also be used to explain social class prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird. She feels that not only is she above everyone, because â€Å"†¦everyone in Maycomb, it seemed, had a streak: a Drinking Streak, a Gambling Streak, a Mean Streak†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ,(129) but Alexandra also feels that that is a better mother influence than Calpurnia, simply because she is white. This is proved throughout the novel beginning at chapter 13. She continually imposes Scout with rules and etiquette for behaving like a proper lady, because when she grows up, she’s not

Money Is Everything

â€Å"Money isn’t everything. † To some people, this is an easy and preferred answer. It is an easy answer because it’s ideal and it gives hope. However, this idea is a common misconception and is dangerous because money is everything. Without the ability to purchase tangible items, intangible ideas would not be able to be pursued. Money is what helps people survive and pursue the ideological things in life. Therefore, the misconception â€Å"money isn’t everything† is a dangerous and mistaken belief. Money is what helps people survive.Sodapop Curtis, from The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton, quits his high school and stops his chances of getting his dream job to get more money for his family to survive and help his little brother, Ponyboy, pursue his dreams. According to Sodapop, money is essential for survival, and without it, life would be very difficult to manage. He had dropped out of school because he needed money to help put food on the table for hi s family and helps his family when needed. Money isn’t a luxury but a necessity in order to survive in today’s world, so the idea that money isn’t everything is a misconception.The misbelief that money isn’t everything can result in devastating situations. A YouTube video, The Homeless Experiment, featured a man who did horrible in high school and eventually dropped out; he had thought that he did not need money do pursue ideological things. Although some people, such as Steve Jobs, may become a billionaire from dropping out, only a few actually become successful not having to chase after money. Many high school students believe in this misconception, and it may lead to dropping out to pursue a dream with false hopes.â€Å"Money isn’t everything† is a dangerous and mistaken belief that may foster fake hopes. â€Å"Money isn’t everything† is a dangerous misconception because money is necessary to survive in the world we live in today and because it can make people believe that dreams can come true without having money. Money does not buy respect, but is needed to gain authority which comes with respect. Money isn’t everything but most things require money. Therefore, it is crucial to use money and wealth wisely.

Introduction to Counselling Essay

   Definition of a Counsellor Counselling is about to give help rather than advice, advice frequently means telling people what they should or ought to do, and this has no place in counselling. Counsellors look at what is possible, but do not tell clients what they should do. That would be the counsellor taking control rather than the client gaining control. The primary difference between counselling and other forms of helping is the way in which the counsellor listens. A counsellor should always be factual within their notes, you should always take notes after a session while fresh on your mind, taking notes in a session can cause clients to maybe feel worried or nervous on what you’re putting down and also keep you interested and proven to be listening. The difference between advice, guidance and counselling Advice: Mainly a one-way exchange, giving an opinion, making a judgement, making a recommendation =Persuasive. Guidance: Mainly a one-way exchange, showing the way, educating, influencing, instructing =Encouraging. Skills of a counsellor Every person who uses counselling skills is designated a counsellor. We can distinguish two broad groups of people who use counselling skills, people who are called counsellors who engage in counselling as a distinct occupation and others who use counselling skills as part of their other skills. They would be temporarily in the role, for example we go to our doctor for something medical or a psychiatrist for something spiritually wrong these establish a helping relationship. What they offer is not counselling however they use counselling skills, they may also be trained counsellors so the dividing line is not clear cut. The difference is that the person knows when counselling is taking place and has agreed to it. Other skills you pick up on when counselling are: * Respecting personal space * keeping legs uncrossed and sitting relaxed * Being open with body language, * Bringing your body in to talk is being interested and sitting back shows you’re interested and engaged. * Memory is the key. * Try not to talk with hands or sit on them. * Clothing can be casual but formal depending on where you work * Setting a good first impression is important * Keep facial expressions to a minimum show expression but limit to how much. * Eye contact should be minimal keep eyes moving around the face * Think about distractions before your client arrives * Keep your client informed on what we’re going to do and not do. * Being agreeable and willing to be there, and most importantly helping your client to get back on track. Values of counselling and psychotherapy Values inform principals. They represent the important way of expressing a general ethical commitment that becomes more precisely defined and action-orientated when expressed as a principal. At all times counsellors must show a commitment to: Respecting human rights and dignity Protecting the safety of clients Insuring the integrity of practitioner/client relationships Enhancing the quality of professional knowledge and its application Alleviating personal distress and suffering Fostering a sense of self that is meaningful to the person(s) concerned Increasing personal effectiveness Enhancing the quality of relationships between people Appreciating the variety of human experience between people Striving for the fair and adequate provision of counselling and psychotherapy services Ethical principles of counselling and psychotherapy Principles direct attention to important ethical responsibilities, there are six ethical principles that are used which also help on making decisions when looking over them, they are as follows: * Being trustworthy – honouring the trust placed in the practitioner, he’s to building good understanding and helps your client being able to open up if the trust is there. * Autonomy – respect for the clients to be self-governing, this is important to allow and help our client to gain their ability to be self-directing. * Beneficence – a commitment to promoting the clients well-being, always acting in the best interests of the client based on professional assessment. * Non-maleficence – a commitment to avoiding harm to the client, do not take advantage of the client at their most vulnerable part in their life i.e. sexual, financial, emotional or any other form of client exploitation. * Justice – the fair and impartial treatment of all clients and the provision of adequate services, a commitment to fairness requires the ability to appreciate differences between people and to be committed to equality of opportunity, and avoiding discrimination against people or groups contrary to their legitimate personal or social characteristics. * Self-respect – fostering the practitioner’s self-knowledge and care for self, seeking counselling or therapy and other opportunities for personal development as required. The practitioner’s personal moral qualities are of the utmost importance to clients. Personal moral qualities The practitioner’s personal moral qualities are of the utmost importance to clients. Many of the personal qualities considered important in the provision of services have an ethical or moral component and therefore considered as virtues or good personal qualities. It is inappropriate to prescribe that all practitioners possess these qualities, since it is fundamental that these personal qualities are deeply rooted in the person concerned and developed out of personal commitment rather than the requirement of an external authority. Personal qualities to which counsellors and psychotherapists are strongly encouraged to aspire include: Empathy: The ability to communicate understanding of another person’s experience from that person’s perspective. Understand and letting them know that you understand Sincerity: a personal commitment to consistency between what is professed and what is done. Being honest, saying something and meaning it. Being able to be sincere and li sten to your client rather than talking. Integrity: commitment to being moral in dealings with others,  personal straightforwardness, honesty and coherence. Trust is very important. Resilience: the capacity to work with the client’s concerns without being personally diminished. Being able to hear what your client is saying to you and being able to stay there and not feeling the need to leave or cry with your client because of their story you are hearing, being able to hold your own. Respect: showing appropriate esteem to others and their understanding of themselves. Appropriate esteem and understanding themselves, respect that the person respects themselves. Not judging why they got to that point and help them understand why they got to this point. Humility: the ability to assess accurately and acknowledge one’s own strengths and weaknesses. Believing your good at something, work towards not feeling that you’re put down and low. Competence: the effective deployment of the skills and knowledge needed to do what is required. Keep improving skills, knowing you know what you are doing but you can build on it. Fairness: t he consistent application of appropriate criteria to inform decisions and actions. Knowing your able to meet your clients’ needs and if not discuss you could refer them to someone else, also about being fair to self, make sure your always being fair to your clients in the decisions you make. Wisdom: possession of sound judgement that informs practice. Sound judgement, understanding boundaries. Courage: the capacity to act in spite of known fears, risks and uncertainty. To be able to sit and listen to your client’s story, having the courage to be honest to your client. Non-verbal communication Awareness of non-verbal communication between the listener and the talker; we try to be aware of how we use our own bodies and how the talker uses their body to communicate. * Eye contact – keep eye contact minimal and moving around the face. * Facial expression – show expression but be limiting to how much you show. * Body posture – keep legs uncrossed and body straight, keep body language open. * Body movement – bring your body out to show you’re interested and bring body in when you’re really taking in what your client is saying. * Head nodding – is a strong thing to do shows your listening. * Proximity/position of chairs – positioning of the chairs is important as not to be directed in front of each other. Why we use this skill? * To show talker that the listener is paying attention. * To try to communicate that the listener is present. * To create a warm environment. * To encourage the talker to open up. * To begin to build a trusting relationship. Minimal encouragers Minimal encouragers are a form of verbal communication. They are brief sentences or a single word. Examples include: * ‘Go on’ * ‘Tell me more’ * ‘And’ * ‘Because’ * ‘Mmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.’ * ‘Ah ha’ * ‘Oh’ Using some of your minimal encouragers will help to keep your client talking and prompt them to continue in there story. * To show the talker that the listener is paying attention. * To communicate that the listener is present. * To encourage the talker to continue their story. Reflecting A reflection is offering back what the talker has said but it includes the feeling that the listener thinks was communicated. Feelings might be contained in the words the talker is using or feelings might also show themselves in how the talker presents i.e. looking sad or showing that they are angry. Why we use this skill? * To check or show that the listener has understood. Gives client confidence that the listener is actually paying attention in what the client is saying * To help the talker become aware of their feelings. Gives the client the option of discovering what they are actually feeling for themselves. * To work closer in the relationship. Gaining your clients trust to build a relationship. * To create a sense of intimacy. As your allowing your client to hear what they are saying and showing that the feeling you may be providing them with helps them to know you are truly listening to them. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is to offer back in a few words what the talker has said in order to check understanding and communicate your attention. Paraphrasing can be good to help your client to hear what they have said and they know you have heard what they have said. Helps to show you are trying to understand what your client is saying. Why we use this skill? †¢To give the talker an opportunity to hear back what they are saying. As it can be very helpful for your client to hear back what they have said. †¢To check or show that the listener has understood. It also gives your client confidence that you have listened and heard what they have to say. †¢To invite further exploration of the talker’s story. It helps your client maybe feel more confident and open to talk more freely. Example: Talker: It’s been a rough week. I’ve done nothing but argue with my partner, the house has been burgled, there’s bad news from the hospital†¦at least I got a win on the scratch-card. Listener 1: You got a win on the scratch-card Listener 2: It’s been a rough week. Listener 3: You’ve been arguing with your partner †¢What do you think of the different listener’s responses? I think listener 2 is a much better response to what the client has said as leaves the story open for the client to decide where they want to go next. †¢What do the responses say about the listener’s points of view? Listener 1) is very in appropriate as quite a few bad things gone on for your client. Listener 2) leaves it open for your client to choose what to talk about Listener 3) is also a good thing to say but doesn’t give the client a chance really to decide what they would prefer to talk about. * What other responses can you think of? Maybe number 2) but also ask client to describe maybe the worst part about the week? Summarising A summary is an overview of what the talker has been talking about during the session. A summary can be used during the session as well as to end the session. Think about the main points of a session and say it back to your client. Summarising really helps letting your client know you are really listening and heard what they have said. Knowing if a silence is that your client is thinking, or gone quiet as maybe a bit lost so you could recap what your client has told you. Re capping can help to start your client talking again. Near the end of a session say to your client you have a few minutes left so let’s summarise and the pick out points, once relayed back ask your client if they would like to add anything else. Why we use this skill? * To communicate that the listener has heard and understood the content of the session. * To gather important points together. * To help the talker decide which points they want to talk about in more detail. * To help the talker if they are stuck, going round in circles, confused or if the session needs moving forward. Counselling Contract †¢Place, time, dates †¢Number of sessions †¢Confidentiality and limitations †¢Supervision and note taking †¢Model of counselling used †¢Fees and cancellation arrangements †¢Out of session contact Having a contract helps your client to know what’s expected of them, also what is going to happen. Confidentiality and limitations Offering confidentiality is part of a counsellor’s contract with their clients but there are limits to this at which point further action will be needed. What are the limits? †¢At risk – a person, who is deemed to be at risk to self or others, so could be talking about harming his self or others. †¢Children – any child at risk of abuse, maybe a partner hurting or abusing the child. †¢Vulnerable persons – vulnerable people at risk of abuse, by client or there partner. †¢Terrorism Act – there is a terrorism hotline number, for instance if someone said they were taking a bomb to the mall ECT. †¢If working for an agency you would follow their guidelines around confidentiality. If at any time you hear you client talk about any of the limits you have discussed, you need to make your client aware that you have to break the confidentiality. Other limits include: †¢Supervision – client material discussed with a supervisor, although this could be discussed with clients permission about their case but not mention there name. †¢Note-keeping – brief and factual notes made after each session, as a client has the rights to ask for their notes to see.

Amber’s Secret Essay

Amber is an 18 year old woman who has found she is feeling sick and unusual. She comes to find out that she is pregnant and consults her doctor. Being concerned of her student status and what her parents might think are her biggest fears. The fetus growing inside her is almost 11 weeks and has her own story from the inside. Mentioning all of the growth that has occurred and the development milestones she has reached, the fetus is concerned of her own well being. The doctor offers Amber the options of abortion and adoption, and then the heart beat will be heard. It is unclear what Amber’s choice is in the end. 1. What are the hormonal and physical changes that occurred in Amber’s normal menstrual cycle before she became pregnant? Prior to Amber’s pregnancy she went through a normal ovarian cycle. It is stated throughout her story that she is very irregular with her cycle, most women do not have regular cycles until after three years since their first cycle (Marieb & Hoehn 2013) . During the ovarian cycle which she went through to produce an egg, hormones are released through each stage of interaction to regulate the cycle. Gonadotropins are released via the anterior pituitary gland and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are secreted. These affect the release of estrogen which through constant feedback with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, a follicle matures waiting to be fertilized. During this process bursts of different hormones during the ovarian cycle can cause abdominal pain known as mittelschmerz, German for â€Å"middle pain† (M arieb & Hoehn 2013). If it is notfertilized it continues into the menstrual cycle, but since Amber became pregnant the fertilized embryo implanted itself into the uterine wall. 2. Apparently Amber did not use a birth control method. If she had, what options did she have and how do the various methods work.  Amber had many options of birth control. There is only one preventative measure with 100% fail proof ratings and this is abstinence. If two consenting individuals decide to engage in sexual activities, there are many options to prevent pregnancy. Barrier methods, such as female condoms and male condoms are probably the most cost effective for birth control (Women’s Health 2011). The rate of effectiveness relies on many conditions, whether the condom is still good because they do have an expiration date, if they have been damaged, if the correct lubricant is used or not. Oil based lubricants breakdown the materials causing damage to the condom (WebMD 2013). There is also hormonal birth control offered in the form of pills, patches, injections, and vaginal rings. These are hormone releasing agents that prevent the egg from releasing in the ovaries. Implantation devices can be used as well, but are more of a permanent fixture for about 2-5 years. Depending on the device depends on how it prevents pregnancy. Some or hormonal, making the mucus lining thicker in the cervix to prevent sperm from entering. There is a copper device that releases copper into the uterus and kills sperm. Those are both intrauterine devices, but there is another that is implanted under the skin in the arm. It is hormone releasing and prevents sperm from reaching the egg and also thickens the mucus in the cervix preventing sperm to enter. There are other options, but they include sterilization and are more of an invasive surgery (Women’s Health 2011). 3. What are the normal stages of development in a fetus during the first weeks after conception? The first weeks after conception are very busy for the embryo. It travels down the fallopian tubes and is very rapidly dividing mitotically. It implants into the uterine wall for further development. The embry goes through gastrulation, which is the forming of three layers that turn into the greater makeup of the fetus through development. A heart, neural tube which turns into the spinal cord, and the yolk sac have formed to the embryo which later forms the digestive organs. It becomes a fetus just after week 7 (Marieb & Hoehn 2013). 4. What are the hormonal and physical changes going on in Amber during her pregnancy? What is keeping her from menstruating as normal? Physiological changes occurring in Amber’s body are happening in her gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory and cardiovascular system. She is feeling sick because of the increased hCG, progesterone and estrogen levels. Her story is only until her 11th week of her pregnancy, but she may feel many symptoms throughout the rest of her pregnancy if it is not aborted. Those symptoms could be increased urination because the kidneys are disposing of fetal metabolic waste as well as her own. Blood volume also rises to help accommodate the fetus’ needs (Marieb & Hoehn 2013). An over production of the hormone progesterone is created which stops the follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Those are the hormones needed for an egg to be released and travel down into the uterus for a menstruation cycle. If that does not occur, there is not menstruation (Marieb & Hoehn 2013) 5. How does a pregnancy test work?  At home pregnancy tests can be purchased over the counter or a blood test can be performed at the doctor’s office. They both check for the human Chorionic Gonadotropin, hCG, hormone that is produced during pregnancy. The home pregnancy test uses urine, and the doctor’s office tests blood (Women’s Health 2006). 6. How can we account for Amber’s symptoms?  It sounds like Amber is having symptoms of morning sickness, bloat, and head ache can be explained by the fetus growing within her which is causing a rise in progesterone and hCG and making her feel sick. Her headache could be caused by the rise in blood volume which she needs to provide enough nutrients to herself and the fetus. The bloat could be caused by the expansion of her uterus. It expands from the size of a fist to filling the entire pelvic cavity by 16 weeks (Marieb & Hoehn 2013). 7. Can we consider the embryo a parasite in Amber’s body, if yes why? What prevents Amber’s body from rejecting the new tissue developing in her body that is genetically different from her tissues? I think we can consider the embryo a parasite in Amber’s body. It is feeding off of her nutrient intake and her blood to survive. A parasite does just that, feeds off the nutrients of the host and benefits from it (Tortora, Funke & Case 2013). Now even though that the embryo benefits from the mother’s nutrients, I also believe that it is beneficial for the mother as well. People procreate to carry on their genetic code, and even though that during her pregnancy Amber does not have as many benefits, I believe the outcome is very beneficial of having a child. 8. How much control does the embryo/fetus have over its own development? The embryo has no control over how quickly it develops. There are only certain times in which vital parts of it are produced, and if anything affects this it would be a teratogen by which the mother had come into contact with. Gestation is during about a 9 month period, and it occurs in the mothers body so it can be protected and nourished during this critical time of development before the fetus is introduced to the world (Berger2010). 9. How is the sex of the embryo determined, and what happens during the developmental process when the sex organs finally become apparent? During the ninth week of development there are two different duct systems that change into female and male reproductive organs. The ducts are the mesonephrenic and paramesonephrenic duct. Depending on the activating hormone is what the sexual organs develop into. The mesonephric duct turns into the male sex organ, and the paramesonephrenic duct turns into the female sex organ (Sajjad 2010) . The gonads then differentiate into the ovaries or the testes (Marieb & Hoehn 2013). 10. What is the degree of fetal development that has occurred by the end of the first trimester? Almost all organs have completed development, though they aren’t fully working yet. In the first trimester the fetus went from a zygote, to an embryo and then turned into a fetus. Within the first trimester is also when the fetus does not yet have its sexual organs yet, but the sex is predetermined genetically by its chromosomes (Cort & Erickson 2001). 11. What are the regulations regarding abortion in your state and what are the medical, religious and political reasons behind the legislation? The state of Colorado is pro-choice in regards to abortion. It allows any woman over the age of 18 to get an abortion, and those who are minors need consent from one parent or have a judge waiver the consent. Medicaid will even cover the abortion if the pregnancy was due to rape, it causes the mother psychiatric or concern for her health, or if it is a life or death situation. I do not believe the state of Colorado has much of a religious reasoning for it, but more of a large non-religious affiliation with the high Democratic and Liberal rights activists in the larger metropolitan areas. I believe that is the political reasoning as well. The state of Colorado larger cities have carry a high percentage of population, and are Democratic. I believe that this is the main reason that Colorado is a pro-choice state (Pro-Choice Colorado 2013). 12. Is it appropriate for the physician to raise the issue of abortion? I don’t think it is appropriate for the physician to raise the issue of abortion because it is not their place to place a position of their own personal agenda on a patient. The doctor is there to treat the patient, and that point in time he is treating the mother as a patient and the fetus as well. I think it will be appropriate to wait and listen to the questions of the mother to ask what her options are through her pregnancy. If termination comes up from the patient, it just should simply be stated what the process is, when it can occur during pregnancy legally and that since Amber is a minor that her parents would need to be involved in the process. If her health was at risk or if it was a life or death matter, is when I think it is appropriate to bring up abortion. 13. Should the father have any say in the question of abortion? Yes he should have a say on whether a child is aborted. There are many situations where just because the mother and father are not in a relationship, but are both fully capable and responsible for the creation of the child. Just because the mother does not want the child does not mean that the father does not. In the state of Colorado, the mother has the rights to her abortion and does not give any question to what the father would want (Pro-Choice Colorado 2013). In conclusion, it is not known if Amber goes through with the abortion or not. There are many questions raised towards the health of the fetus and mother as well as the moral and ethical aspects. Since the pregnancy does not show past the 11th week of gestation, it is not known if it is continued or not. Abortion seems to be the last resort answer, and almost a form of birth control to some, but the fetus itself is a patient and should have the rights to be cared for whether or not it is fully developed. In today’s society it seems to be offered after hormonal and other direct forms of birth control. Instead of the option of ending a life that was begun due to actions from two parents that should be held responsible, it should be a life that is cherished Although opinions may differ, a beating heart is an unforgettable organ that is supporting life.