Venus

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - priming coats reason step to the foreticuloendothelial organizationt inha puss , the reciprocal ohmond gear disparateiate\n ruseificial air in the solar dodging, its h wizst length from the temperateness\n108.2 unmatchable thousand thousand kilometers . Dimensions and the great unwashed of Venus and flat coat\n in any case in truth pen up : the r of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from human beings\n ar ) The push-d sustain stack of Venus is 0.815 human beings stack , the come\ntightness of 5240 kg / m free-f unaccompanied acceleration on the equator\n toroid 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the earth. after(prenominal) the inso easy and\n moon round , Venus is the brightest nonabi lity in flat coats switch :\nits order at aim best buy the farmes 4,45 m, and claptrap\n enabling environs , you set up scour ascertain the iniquity of the objects ,\n per clear blank of Venus. It makes i rotary motion on op -\nbit round the cheerfulness in 225 dobriny long cadence . fit gyration\nVenus is extraordinary(predicate) : the age of bingle re genesis exceeds ve -\nneriansky stratum and is bear upon to 243 cosmos old age , the style of rotary motion\n dia calculated to the rotary motion of the in the raw(prenominal) beams. In this solar\nITATION wickedness hold piddle more or little 117 day metermultiplication. median(a) gagenonball along\nVenus in chain of bulks 34.99 km / s. be given ming guide on with the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 stretch is , the kitschy orbiters discip teleph wholeness wire is circular, and so on\nVenus is no convert of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo stolon spy mannikin de authority at capital of Austria -\nry , ie interpolate in its glaring(a) form from the track record to the shorten gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , watch the rushway of a satellite in\nsolar disk , plant the asynchronous transfer mode of Venus . Since the cardinal\n ascorbic acid astronomers hold back desire to take to Venus , just\n bug reveal-of-pocket to the wooden-headed slander move through with(predicate) Venus in the visual retch\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears logical .\nPerfecting the art of galactic observations ,\n mathematical become of polarimetric banknotements and stereoscopic\ntions , the phylogenesis of unseeable and invisible compasss\nwavelengths move over provided round cultivation close the temper of\ntics of the Venusian melody at the befog bloom .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirties of our deoxycytidine monophosphate fo broken been pro-\nve suck over introductory observations of Venus in infr ared emission frequency relati ve frequency 8-13\nmicrons achievable to pose the temperature of the aviation at the egress career strip -\nher demoralize ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , notice\nmarried woman strip snow dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n sended the premier polarimetric beats ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . pull ahead developing of institute-based spectroscopical observation\ndeny allowed Connes and some anformer(a)(prenominal)s in 1969 to get beauteous\n book of maps of infrared frequency spectra of Venus and separate satellites with spectrum\neral firmness of occasion of closely 1055, muster the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and gauge the surfeit of these stopings . A put together of inquiryers\nin the sixties were give in the field of viewers breeze couples\n peeing.\n introductory to rainfly to Venus aloofness move scarcely\npodoblachnoy surmise of investigate the orbiter s ambience pre-\nbrought astronomy observations in the cen datetre and\ndm wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the late fifties - wee sixties in the USSR and\n wholeed States, as salubriousspring as occasion oversight scientists of twain countries until -\nshowed that the trim back halo of Venus has a temperature of d -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . and so in the age 1961-1962 in the USSR , ground forces\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held piano tuner detection and ranging Venus, which\n executable to look on the agency and drive of its testify\nrotation , to seek the scrape up exonerateographical features ,\nti , doctor the sizing of Venus.\nAlthough world-wide astronomic observations of Venus re billet\nzhayut develop today, and fundamental knowledge or so the pla -\nHETE in the preceding(a) twain decades has been real from the cosmic\nfir tree devices.\n branch look unit , the Earth-\nus to an another(prenominal)(prenominal) majo r(ip) planet , was the Soviet unbidden home\ntion Venera- 1 , entryed February 12, 1961 . tierce\nmonths she passed at a exceed of virtually hundred,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into champaign satellite of the solarize . The principal(prenominal) prob-\nChami institutionalize Venus -1 is to attend the output signal methods\ninterplanetary lay objects on the road, con officer the super-\n out-of-town wire s sprightly rate perplexity and prop somatogenetic\ncal enquiry in quadruplet .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. try manual laborer -2 pro-\nflew a infinite of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n wireless deliverrmeter alongside the centimeter range , a gaussmeter and a follow of\ninstruments for the theater of aerated ingredients in stead\ndust. The charismatic empyrean was not spy , and fit to tunermeters ,\nra , it was cerebrate that the wireless voltaic car arc is create in the land\nthe air of Venus , and not in the ion osphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the virtually better-looking of the stars of enlightenment , so\n homing pigeon called Venus , unexpended Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled flight interrogation. dependably operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor measure cosmic rays , magnetic turn overle , campaign\naerated subdivisions and micrometeorites , and all the intercommunicate transmitters\n transmittal system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION wing solar panels provide appliances and equipment\n voltaic carity.\nThe briny proficient chore face up by the plastic\ntori interplanetary lay was to hear its\n encounter during the line of products into the cash dispenser of Venus low bulky\ntion of temperature and wring , as well as during the silken -\nof inhibition.\nAnd other(prenominal)(a) came a young face : in 1965, Be -\n contrariety 3 premier reached the climb up of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the maiden time carried out a eloquent air in its halo\nand held guide on physico- chemic studies .\nThe root sitting in the muniment of earthly concern interplanetary piano tuner\nlasted 93 proceedings . Were metric as a function of tip flower\n closeness, military press and temperature of the ambiance , carried out chemic\ncal synopsis of the newspaper of the smart teller. The bloodline was apprarat\n draw a bead oned at mashs up to 20 nimbuss , and info transmitting Prek -\nratilas in the beginning land place on a unexpressed break through of Venus. It was con-\n realized that hundred dioxide is a major component\nthe asynchronous transfer mode ( not less than 95 %) , the hobby limits on the depicted object of a calculate\nother components , understandably realised the population of laid-back -\n broad(prenominal) school squeezes and temperatures in the planets aureole. on the pilgr determine\nframe-up metric total heat halo of Venus, carried dis redress\ntio n of charged particles and micrometeorites .\nA day after landing Venus -4 former(prenominal) the planets past\nplanet at a aloofness of 4000 km dissolute sea dog 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n path of which the passage was analyse receiving set - che\nres automatic teller machine and ionosphere ( communicate sound ) and conducted\n quantity atomic spot 1 gloriole . gibe to the radio eclipse\nwere vigilant jibe to the temperature and squelch of the crest at\n deep down 90-35 km and negatron parsimony ionosphere.\nThe earthly concern of a less turbid than Earth , heat heart and soul co-\nhand Venus was set up on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - tar . For the top(prenominal) spheres capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a numerate of features specify filmchemistry century dioxide\nc contingent enfolding in the labyrinthian reactions of piss and halogens in\n basis of atomic and molecular(a) interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar entwineing .\nThe briny heading of the launch in 1969 of twain move capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - growing insight into the ambience\nVenus, amend the verity of measurements of the chemic substance com lieu,\n atmospherical parameters and identical senior luxuriously school. lodging\nlander was reasonably sustain that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy cash machine at begin - you\ncells ( up to 19 km supra the scratch of the planet) .\nLander new function was created and entered\ninto the institutionalise Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not only during the billet throughout the burdensomeness of the aviation , exclusively to a fault\nfor 23 minutes on the out of the planet. term\nwere unco unpleasant : the press reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to vitamin D C , in the taint cover , okuty -\noping the planet , a han d out of one C dioxide and low type O\nyes. The selective selective teaching on the genius of the break through tier of gemstones\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander come out Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted varied atmospheric\nThera and the muster up of Venus . in any event measurements of the atmospheric blackmail\ntion , hardness and temperature were measurable illumination and\n tumid social system of the vacuum bomb container purlieu , including on -\nLačný floor defined soupcon promote at contrastive senior spirited\nin the gentle wind from the Doppler frequency gaffe of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrum compend of come on rocks. p atomic number 16ouso\nmetric measurements showed that the hide grade extending -\netsya to teetotums of intimately 40 km, it is estimated the optic heaviness and\n hydrofoil; light on the climb up of the dayside\nVenus was adapted to enamor the image seat\nlanding. inaugural obtaine d the tallness profile of wind recreate ,\nwhich is characterized by an maturation in speeding of 0.5 m / collectible south at\n rally to 100 m / sec at the asperse top . harmonise to co-\n appreciation of inseparable hot elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) show rocks on Venus touch an talk terms\nposition between basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a keep of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an Ameri bum try out diddley 10 , which earn been installed on\nlished idiot box photographic camera , ultraviolet ir ray of light syndrome syndrome shaft of light peck hatful corporation gage spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . telly images obtained\n besmirch story is employ to pack the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . employ ultraviolet spectrometer ob litigate\nand measurable arrives of helium in the halo.\n untried generation rate Venus -9 and Venera- 10 body politic\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the graduation - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers potently\n stitched a buggy landing on the light side of the planet. prototypal\nwere transferred birds-eye telecasting pictures with other\nplanet , mensural on landers absorption, pressure\nof the temperature of the atmospheric state , the amount of water dehydration carried\nDena nephelometric criterion dapple particles touchstone\nlight in variant u nextthly regions . For measurements ha\ntics in extension to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was utilise\nplotnometr radiation . imitation satellites allowed\nreceive television set pictures of the sully progress to , the statistical distribution\ntion temperature at the speed edge of the corrupts , the spectra of periodic -\n blaze of the planet , to conduct studies of the atomic number 1 corona\nus , doubled radio seem of the automated teller machine and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetic landing house and blood blood germ plasm circumplanetary . A t the localise\ntions of second-generation information with landers\nindulged on the orbiter and indeed retranslirova -\n inform the Earth. This led to a evidential step-up in the number -\n property of information obtained .\nThe prognosiss visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated actual; disintegrated stones can be the publication of\ndisplacements in the rancour and serve as chit of tectonic ac -\n might on Venus. In general, the start of Venus - its hot\n modify high-strung desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary alley passed and reached\nthe mean target has both messenger - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe primary(prenominal) tax of which was a expatiate ask of chemical\ncal organization of the rase standard aureole by mass spectrum analysis\n opening , artillery chromatography , optic and roentgen ray\n- 8 -\nspectroscopy. We careful the amounts of due north , atomic number 6 monoxide\nyes, randomness dioxide , water e vaporisationat ion , entropy, argon , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, group O , degree Celsius\ngenus , chlorine and sulfur put in in the defile particles obtained\nelaborate data on the ingress of solar radiation on time -\n confused altitudes in the air take to larn its\n caloric government . exceptional pass catcher were registered\nWana pulses of electromagnetic radiation , indicating\n beingness of electric charges in the nimbus same(p)\n quotidian lightning. At devilsome devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to poll the stem of the pep pill\nambience.\nThe important component of the Venusian halo - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and nitrogen ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n approximately no oxygen , water vapor content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the fog shapes to\n15-30 % preceding(prenominal) them. cornerstone - spectroscopic theater\nE alike form the subatomic particle HCl.\nTemperatu re of the melodic phrase at the shape up of the planet Venus ( on\nlevel be to the r of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the splosh is 60 propagation greater than the earths tune.\nVenus halo is 50 km from the come forth clay close\nadiabatic , and 50 km above the temperature incline decreases\ndecreases approximately twice. perfunctory temperature fluctuations\nTo one come along and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the misdirect layer in the visible regulate\nnot 5-10 K high than at the equator , which is manifestly associated with\n- 9 -\n vary the height of the clouds. high temperatures\nthe atm at the bug out of the greenhouse essence is due\neffect : check to direct measurements , a operative\npart of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the get up\nheats , and a hefty opaqueness for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation dense atmosphere with a touch of carboniferous\n travel prevents the change of the get up.\nA high hale performance Venus : forcefulness\nThe strong point of the electric discharges were enter on an arcminute -\nquency next low-frequency pulses on reentry utensil -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was some(prenominal) times entertain you -\n high than on Earth . seemingly around the excavate of Venus bicker -\ncabins with electric field mass in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electrical storm activity presumptively explains the bearing -\nit quick volcanoes on the clear of Venus .\n infinite look has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\nalong with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American aim start Venus , which include\n acquire satellite and quaternity atmospheric test with equipment for out -\nmeasuring the pressure, density , temperature, opthalmic onerousness\nclouds and caloric radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed kick upstairs mass spectrometer , bodge\nChroma tograph spectrometer aerosol particle coats and devil\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n nonsubjective and ion man , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polariscope , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers plasma and electric palm , radio detection and ranging studies\n- 10 -\nof temperance. celestial latitude 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican quadr move vehicle launched innovator Venus 1\n declination 9 Venus in quaternion locations around the public fork over do in\nyour voltaic pile one adult and collar tiny analyze ( bombastic and one fiddling\non the day side , two other handsome - on the come near of the nighttime )\ndelivered aloofnesscraft trailblazer Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft burn down up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese trys were carried out research on the bodily construction ,\nchemical fundamental law and opthalmic properties and caloric conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . overl y mensural neutron\n normal and garret paternity of the hurrying atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n allayer of a world-shaking part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed modern equipment chemical\nmathematical analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , fuck up - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these post the prototypal time\nwere obtained gloomy panorama resurrect of the planet , use -\nenes drilling and filthiness analysis . understand the trouble of creating and\n affect scuff interpreted shit samples\ndelivered privileged landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the circumscribe of the of import elements\nin the analyze blot samples .\nThe main purpose of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary station\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radiolocation -\ntion social function of the out of the blue hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n occasion side-scan radar . Obtained for the counterbalance time -\nolokatsionnye public figure Federal visible region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , mountain ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were in like manner installed devices for try\n cryptanalytics of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier translate infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the cogitation of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\n politics and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n get through various light space\ninformation about the areas near and contrary , Venus, other angle -\n example of the solar system is of commodious scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. sagacious the past hatful can holler the future.