History Of Brakes And Principles Of Hydraulics Engineering Essay

History Of Brakes And Principles Of Hydraulics engine room EssayLanding gears be one of the most important parts of the aircraft and play an important parting beca office it can make the aircraft run through runways and lands the aircraft to safety with the aid of the braking form and other systems. The modern pasture halt system has been refined for oer 100 years and has become extremely dependable and efficient. The whole plan talks ab issue the hydraulic brake system. Modern braking systems are complicated and understanding the carrying into action of a braking system requires specialized skills and training. Brakes are the most important character of any modern window pane these days.The prescripts of brakes in a landing gear of the aircraft gave us the idea that making a unanalyzable hydraulic break system would be our master(prenominal) project. The content is designed to show the insight of the principles of operation of the hydraulic break, components and its fun ctions. The advantages and disadvantages against different types of brakes and other terminology.History oF BrakesAll cars need a brake system therefore it has been present in the automobile since its invention. However, the technology of the components and the design of the brake system absorb evolved throughout the years.In the early days of the automobile, drum brakes were the standard. Drum brakes offered several advantages over other types of brakes. One of these was that the drum could keep out water and dust, materials that could damage book brakes which were out in the open. The other, much important advantage was that drum brakes inevitable drivers to apply less twinge on the pedal point as compared to book brakes. This was especially important in the days before hydraulic and mightiness brake systems, both of which decreased the amount of pedal pressure sensation needed.The next major rise in brake technology came in 1918 with the invention of four- motorcycle hy draulic brake systems by Malcolm Loughead. It is fire to none that Loughead was a member of the Lockheed family, a company known better for producing airplanes. The hydraulic brake system replaced the mechanical brake system that was in hire at this time. The mechanical system had numerous disadvantages. It do it difficult to brake all the wheels evenly, often causing a loss of control. In addition, it required drivers to work tremendous amounts of force on the brake pedal to slow the car. The hydraulic brake system cypher the force that was use to the brake, lessening the amount of force needed to be applied to the brake pedal by the driver. This system was first use in the 1918 Duesenberg. Its advantages quickly caught on and by 1929, four wheel hydraulic braking systems were standard equipment on most higher priced cars. It took a few more years for the feature to become earthy on lower price cars.As the speed of automobiles and their weight increased, better braking system s were required. The main problem with drum brakes is that the affectionateness is not efficiently disbursed. The heat that is produced inside the drum does not escape easily since the drum prevents wind from drawing it away. However, disc brakes were open to the passing wind. This allowed the heat to be carried away which increased the efficiency of the brake. It is interesting to note that disc brakes were first used in 1902. However, their use was limited up until the 1950s since their efficiency was not required and they required more pedal pressure to operate. The reason for the higher pedal pressure is that disc brakes have no self-servo effect or no self-energizing capacity that the drum brakes have. The self-servo effect is caused by the forward query of the car. This forward motion helps pull the brake shoe into contact with the drum. This helped lower the required pedal pressure. now that their efficiency was needed and the hydraulic brake system multiplied the force ap plied to the brake pedal, disc brakes seemed to be the better alternative. Chrysler was the first to widely introduce the disc brake in its cars in the early 1950s. The system did not have much success. It seemed that the brake pressure required of the driver was as yet a little to great for the system to gain widespread consumer acceptance and therefore it was dropped. It finally took the flunk automaker Studebaker to reintroduce the system in 1964. This time it saw much more success and in a few years, disc brakes were common on most new cars.One of the reasons that disc brakes were a success with the Studebaker and not the Chrysler was due to the increment of the power braking system. Power brakes became common in the 1950s, after Chrysler had developed and dropped its disc brake program. The system assisted the movement of the piston in the master cylinder which meant that the driver needed to apply less peddle pressure to get the identical braking effectiveness. Therefore, since ease of braking was no longer an issue, the adoption of the more efficient disc brake became widespread.Another development in braking systems came with anti-lock or anti-skid braking. With conventional braking systems, when the brakes are applied with enough pressure, the wheels will lock up. This results in a loss of steering effectiveness which may cause a loss of control. With anti-lock braking, the wheels do not lock up, allowing the driver to continue steering. Anti-lock brakes are not a new technology. They had been used in orotund aircraft since the 1950s and the British had used them in race cars in the 1960s. The first automaker to use this technology in its cars was Ford in 1969. It placed anti-lock brakes in the luxury Thunderbird and Continental lolly III. Today, anti-lock brakes are common on many new cars. Basic Principles of HydraulicsWhat is pressure? blackmail can be defined as the force per unit area and is expressed in Newtons per straightforwardly milli meter (N/mm) or in bars and pounds per square inch (lbs/in) or p.s.i. in U.S. pressure.Formula P = F / A Where P = Pressure F = Force A = countryWhat is unstable mechanics?Liquids or fluids which are under pressure are usually used to transmit power through pipelines. The fluid power is converted into mechanical power by using rotary or linear actuators.What is Pascals Law?Pascals Law comprises a set of principles formulated in 1648 and states that pressure applied to a confined fluid at any point is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid in all directions and acts upon every part f the confining vessel at right angles to its interior opens and as upon equal areas.It defines the fundamental principle of power transmission by a hydraulic system. go steady 2 Pascals LawPressure is created only whenThe system is closedThere is no air trapped in the systemAn attempt is made to compress the fluidAnother important blood in hydraulics is the area of the piston, the distance it moves, and the volume of fluid displaced.Formula Volume =Area * DistanceFluid squeezabilityAll liquids have a very high immunity to compression while air has a very low resistance to compression. Liquids used in hydraulic systems are also known as hydraulic fluids. bet 3 Hydraulic fluidBramahs PressStates that under a given load, the littler the area it acts upon the greater the pressure produced and the greater the area under pressure, the greater the force available.Pressure = shoot down / AreaFigure 4 Bramahs PressIn an aircraft hydraulic system, Bramahs principle can be applied to the movement of different loads using actuators subject to one pressure. The figure above shows a large load and a small load being pushed by actuators having different piston areas.Bernoullis Principle The relationship between the velocity and pressure exerted by a moving liquid is described by the Bernoullis principle as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decrease s and as fluid decreases, pressure is increased.Figure 5 Bernoullis PrincipleFigure 6 Bernoullis principle also allows wings to produce cosmetic surgeryHydraulic FluidsHydraulic system fluid or liquids are used to transmit and to distribute the fluid to various units to be actuated. They are able to do this because they are almost compressible. If a number of passages embody in a system, pressure can be distributed to all of system by means of the liquid.Manufacturers of hydraulic devices usually specify the type of liquid best suited for use with their equipment, during workings conditions, the service required, temperatures anticipate inside and outside the systems, pressures the liquid may withstand, the possibilities of corrosion, and other conditions.Figure 7 Types of hydraulic fluid Figure 8 Hydraulic Fluid (Aeroshell brand)Properties of FluidFluids are incompressibleThey have a reasonable parsimony with very little variation changes in temperature.Low rate of change of vi scosity with temperature changesLarge working range of temperature (-80C to +70C)Good Lubricating PropertiesIt isnt harmful when in in contact (skin, hands)It doesnt foamchemically stable with changes in temperatureGood storage lifeDoesnt attack nor damage rubber.Fluid is preferably non-flammable forceFriction between the fluid and the walls of the pipes depends uponThe velocity of the fluid of the pipelinesThe bore, length and internal finish of the pipelinesThe number of aeroembolism in the pipelines and the radii of the bendsThe viscosity of the fluidWhat is Viscosity?It is one of the properties of hydraulic fluid.Viscosity is internal resistance to flow.Viscosity increases with a decrease in temperature.The knowledge of viscosity is needed for proper design of required temperatures for storage, pumping or injection of fluids.There are two related measures of fluid viscosity known as dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity.Types of Hydraulic Fluid1 Vegetable Based (MIL-H -7644) is composed of a caster rock oil and alcohol. It is colorful blue. They are mostly used in older type aircraft. Natural rubber mold are used with vegetable metrical foot hydraulic fluid. This type is flammable. And the system may be cleaned with the use of alcohol.Figure 9 Vegetable based fluid2 Mineral Base (MIL-H-5606) it is processed from petroleum. It has an olfactory perception similar to penetrating oil and is dyed red. Synthetic rubber seals are used with petroleum base fluids. This type of fluid is flammable. They are used in common aircrafts and the precaution is damaging to rubber tyres.Figure 10 Mineral base fluid3 Synthetic Base (MIL-H-8446) This is one of the most unremarkably used fluid of this type. This fluid is of a clear purple colour or either dyed green. They are fire resistant. The seal material used is synthetic butyl Teflon and the precaution is of damaging to surface finishes.Figure 11 Synthetic base fluidThese three types of fluids cannot be m ixed nor any of them are compatible with each other.