Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Essay -- American Government,

amiliesUndisputedly leanness has been one of the major persistent social problems in the United States for hundreds of years. need does not discriminate against Caucasians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Jews, homosexuals, heterosexuals, age, gender, or persons with disabilities. Poverty can strike any population, community, ethnic group, and family. According to the U.S Census Bureau, 43.6 million people were in poverty in 2009 which was an increase from 2008. (Insert citation for website). thither be multiple causes of why a family or individual can fall into poverty, which includes but not limited to, disability, unemployment, age, and recessions, as for which we have seen through the 2008 recession and the Great Depression. Throughout this paper I will address poverty as a social problem and its causes. I will also focus on how children and family households headed by single mothers are effected by poverty, and how Temporary Assistance for devoid Families came about to help ch ildren and families in poverty. Before we can explain the causes of poverty, one must first define what poverty is. If you were to ask someone for their definition of poverty, you would get several various definitions. There has been much conflict in the United States over defining poverty, but according to Diana DiNitto (2007), poverty can be defined in six different ways. Poverty as deprivation, inequality, lack of human capital, culture, exploitation, and structure are the six different ways. When a family or individual does not have the adequate touchstone of income to meet all of their basic needs, they are described as being deprived. Poverty as deprivation explains that a family or individual is deprived when they are living below the standard of... ...account not all recipients are able to accept these types of jobs especially those with young children. I think that if a recipient has free-base a job but is unable to accept the job because of late hours and they have rea ched their two year mark, then they should be a grace level on their five year time limitation until they are unable to find a better job. The recipient may only be tending(p) the grace period if they show documented proof that they have found a job but is unable to accept because of the circumstance of not having childcare during the work hours given. The government has created many programs under the Social Security Act to help prevent poverty. Even though programs similar to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families have done their part in trying to prevent poverty, revision must continue to be made it order to reduce the United States poverty rate.

Brilliant Lies - In many ways, Susy is just like Gary. Do you agree? :: English Literature

Brilliant Lies - In many ways, Susy is just like Gary. Do you agree?In many ways, Susy is just like Gary. Do you agree?Susy Conner, and Gary Fitzgerald. some(prenominal) are Brilliant liars - andseemingly total opposite gender counterparts of each other. To sayhowever, that they are alike simply because they are liars is to placethem into a pulp that is far too restricting and incomplete. No, thesimilarities - and even differences - between Susy and Gary liebeneath the surface. It is in these to a greater extent subtle ways that the twocharacters reveal themselves to be much alike than one would think.At the heart of Susy and Garys personalities is that one trait thatseems to set them apart from the rest of the characters of the play -ambition. Theirs is an intense, bordering on violent, ambition - adrive to obey in life, to gain what they want - and neither haveany scruples about running over everyone else to get what they want.They are not above delusion to get their way, not above gaining trust andthen throwing it away once they have what they want - this is shown inno clearer way than when Gary convinces Vince to support him, thenthrows him to the wolves at the end - I lied. Dont get pious Vince.This place was ripe for a management buy out. These are hard times.Weve got to become much more aggressive, and you know, and I know,and they know that you havent got the guts to go in hard.This manipulation of others extends to include their extremelyvengeful natures. Susys vindictiveness in lying to Katy aboutMarions sexuality (revenge for Katy telling the honor about her story- As soon as I saw that dyke I knew youd fall in love with her. -is mirrored by Garys sport in crushing Vince after he reveals histrue colours.They are cruel to an almost merciless extent - the vicious battlebetween the two is more than a fight in order to win the case - it isa fight for survival. Both Gary and Susy know that if they are notrelentless in the seeking for triumph, they will be crushed by theother - another characteristic that they share - the obsession forpower. In a way, the struggle between these two characters is not forthe compensation money - but for the sense of power that comes onlyfrom triumph.Another trait that they both share is a sense of stubborn self responsibility that somehow constantly places themselves in the role of

Human Genome Project :: essays research papers

Human Genome learnScientists are taking medical technology to new heights as they race to map all of the genes in our body. There are about 100,000, in the 23 chromosomes of the human body. In doing this they swear that they shtup understand the basis of the genes and maybe even develop methods of treating certain genetic diseases, such as Alzheimers and Muscular Dystrophy. The scientists identify the DNA eon of someone with the disease and then compare it to a person without the disease. By doing this they can recognize which gene is abnormal and causes the disease. This entire process is called the Human Genome Project and is being done in more than 200 laboratories, with more and more labs joining each year. Most of these labs are located in France and the United States. The swan started in 1990 and was predicted to take 15 years and cost $3 billion. It costs the United States about $200 million per year. The $200 million per year has exactly covered about 60% of the annua l need. This has created some funding problems for the project. On the brighter side the project has made huge steps in gene social function and continues to improve every year. Researchers have successfully located the gene and the DNA sequence that causes Huntingtons Disease. It is located on Chromosome 4. Scientists have created a genetic test, which can determine whether someone carries these genes or DNA pattern. Every child of someone with Huntingtons Disease has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene, which then inevitably leads to the disease. Because of the high amounts of money it costs for treatment of this disease insurance companies see this test as an opportunity to screen potential clients for the probability of such diseases. This would let in them to deny certain people insurance if they are at high risk. This puts the people being screen in a position where they might non be able to receive treatment for their illnesses because they wont be able to get insurance. This is morally wrong and also violates the patients right to privacy. This information must(prenominal) be safeguarded from insurance companies so they will not be able to discriminate against someone with bad genes. These actions also bring up several respectable questions. Does genetic testing constitute an invasion of privacy, and would it cause discrimination against those born with genetic deficiencies?

Japan History :: Japanese Culture, Shinto

ShintoShinto is the aboriginal spirituality followed by the Japanese people. In the 8th century, Shinto practices were for the first time, archived in codified records of accounting of the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki. Shinto today is a term that is related to community shrines matched with various military man ceremonies like historical memorials, marriage, harvest festivals and worship. People who practice Shinto express their varied values with a standard way of communication and activities, implementing similar old-fashioned dress code and rituals. There are twain main Buddhism branches in existence and Mahayana is one of them. The term Mahayana means great vehicle. The origin of Mahayana Buddhism is India (Mason & Caiger 98). Out of the two major Buddhism traditions in existence today, Mahayana is the largest. The Mahayana traditions teach that the tradition is a path of quest, for absolute enlightenment for the benefit of all mortal beings. Mahayana is also referred to as Bodhis attvayana (Mason & Caiger 98). The history of Mahayana shows the spread of the tradition from India to some other Asian countries. Mahayana Buddhism traditions exist even today.The Heian period is a historical time in Japanese history, happened between the years 794 to 1185. During this period, Buddhism, Taioism and other Chinese traditions were at peak (Morton & Olenik 23). The Heian period was named after the capital Heian-kvo, the modern Kyoto City. It was also the peak of the Japanese imperial court. The period is noted for its literature, art and poesy (Morton & Olenik 23). During this period, the Imperial house had the power although the real power was held by the noble Fujiwara clan who had intermarried with the Japanese emperor. In Japanese, the term Heian means peace and tranquility. The establishment of Kamakura totalitarianism in Japan happened after the then ruling Taira clan was defeated in Genpei war. Kamakura shogunate was headed by shoguns (Mason & Caiger 158). The shoguns were hereditary military dictators of Japan. The shogunate was base in kamakura, and controlled the entire nation. Court Life in Heian JapanThe Heian period saw the Fujiwara clan hold the real power. The Fujiwala clan was noble and so, they had great settle on politics and culture in Japan (Mason & Caiger 249). The noble families life was focused on manners and beauty guided by a sizeable civil code called miyabi. At the Kyoto court, etiquette, appearance and self-discipline were stressed (Mason & Caiger 106).

Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay -- Essays Papers

Joy Luck ClubThe stories of Suyuan and Jing-Mei Woo reveal some of Amy Tans chief(prenominal) themes in the novel. One important theme is that we must get to distinguish and understand our parents in order to fully understand ourselves. June spends the first half of her life believing that she is a disappointment to her mother and has been unsuccessful in life. However, when she learns more nigh her mothers past and discovers that her mother is proud of her good heart and concern for others, she realizes that she has fulfil something by doing small things to the best of her ability. She learns that one does not have to be famous, or a genius, or greatly wealthy in order to be successful. Another important theme is that we need to make our induce choices in life and find our own lifes importance. When June was a child, her mother was constantly pushing her to demonstrate different things that she had no interest in. Because she did not care about any of these things, she did no t really try to be successful, and therefore, would never accomplish anything great. We build our own importance in life by deeply caring about something that we choose and putting all of our effort into developing or accomplishing this.The relationship surrounded by June and her mother, Suyuan, is far from flawless, yet has the foundation of love that can never be destroyed. There are many misunderstandings betwixt these two women that are unfortunately leave unresolved until after Suyuans death. Amy Tan uses this relationship and all of its complications to teach the readers important themes about life. Ultimately, love between this mother and daughter prevails through all conflict, and plane beyond Suyuans death, when her long-cherished wish of uniting her daughters is fulfilled.The Joy Luck Club Cutural Differences Between Daughters and Mothers There are numerous conditions in human life that mold muckle into who they presently are. A persons identity and way of thinking ar e influenced greatly due to their familys surroundings, and relationships they are involved in. In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, the characters are generic, in the sense that, although they are from different families, the problems and emotions experienced are similar. The daughters are in an on-going search to discover themselves, who they are and what they represent. With their precious mother-daughter bonds, four immig... ...listic needs are not worth pursuing but finding yourself is With all these things, I did not care. I had no spirit (Tan 286).Other times,in trying to instill what is left of the Chinese heritage, the American way of life is blended in, but alas, I wanted my children to have the best combination American circumstances and Chinese character. How could I know these two do not mix? (Tan 289). The characters of the novel, The Joy Luck Club, unravel the intricacies of combining a Chinese heritage with American circumstances and tell of the relationships between mo thers and daughters. The strong bond, that is present amongst the characters, will infinitely outlast all obstacles. From each generation, all of the women are like stairs, one step after another, going up and down, but all going the same way (Tan 241). There are advantages and disadvantages to growing up with American circumstances, as well as learning and obtaining Chinese character, but one must be chosen over the other to be free. I think about two faces. I think about my intentions. Which one is American? Which one is Chinese? Which one is better? If you show one, you must always sacrifice the other (Tan 304).

Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay -- Essays Papers

Joy Luck ClubThe stories of Suyuan and Jing-Mei Woo reveal some of Amy Tans main themes in the novel. One essential theme is that we must get to experience and understand our p bents in order to fully understand ourselves. June spends the first half of her life believing that she is a disappointment to her m other(a) and has been unsuccessful in life. However, when she learns more than nigh her mothers past and discovers that her mother is proud of her good heart and concern for others, she realizes that she has accomplished something by doing small things to the best of her ability. She learns that one does not have to be famous, or a genius, or greatly wealthy in order to be successful. Another important theme is that we need to make our own choices in life and find our own lifes importance. When June was a child, her mother was constantly pushing her to try different things that she had no interest in. Because she did not care about any of these things, she did not really try to be successful, and therefore, would never accomplish anything great. We build our own importance in life by deeply caring about something that we choose and putting all of our effort into developing or accomplishing this.The relationship between June and her mother, Suyuan, is far from flawless, yet has the foundation of love that can never be destroyed. There are many misunderstandings between these two women that are unfortunately left unresolved until after Suyuans death. Amy Tan uses this relationship and all of its complications to t distributively the readers important themes about life. Ultimately, love between this mother and daughter prevails through all conflict, and even beyond Suyuans death, when her long-cherished wish of uniting her daughters is fulfilled.The Joy Luck Club Cutural Differences amid Daughters and Mothers There are numerous conditions in human life that mold people into who they presently are. A persons identity and way of thinking are influenced gre atly due to their familys surroundings, and relationships they are involved in. In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, the characters are generic, in the sense that, although they are from different families, the problems and emotions experienced are similar. The daughters are in an on-going search to discover themselves, who they are and what they represent. With their precious mother-daughter bonds, four immig... ...listic needs are not worth pursuing but finding yourself is With all these things, I did not care. I had no spirit (Tan 286).Other times,in trying to instill what is left of the Chinese heritage, the American way of life is blended in, but alas, I valued my children to have the best combination American circumstances and Chinese character. How could I know these two do not mix? (Tan 289). The characters of the novel, The Joy Luck Club, head for the hills the intricacies of combining a Chinese heritage with American circumstances and tell of the relationships between mothe rs and daughters. The strong bond, that is present amongst the characters, will infinitely outlast all obstacles. From each generation, all of the women are like stairs, one step after another, going up and down, but all going the same way (Tan 241). There are advantages and disadvantages to growing up with American circumstances, as well as learning and obtaining Chinese character, but one must be chosen over the other to be free. I think about two faces. I think about my intentions. Which one is American? Which one is Chinese? Which one is better? If you salute one, you must always sacrifice the other (Tan 304).

A Dirty Job Chapter 4

4THE BETA MALE IN HIS NATURAL ENVIRONMENTJane, said Charlie, I am convinced by the events of the last few weeks that nefarious forces or people unidentified al iodine no less real be threatening intent as we jockey it, and in fact, may be bent on unraveling the very fabric of our existence.And thats why I have to eat yellow mustard? Jane was sitting at Charlies breakfast thinker eating Little Smokies cocktail sausages verboten of the package, dipping them in a ramekin of Frenchs yellow. Baby Sophie was sitting on the counter in her car-seat/bassinet/imperial-storm-trooper-helmet thingy.Charlie paced the kitchen, marking off his evidentiary points in the air with a sausage as he went. First, on that point was the guy in Rachels room that mysteriously disappeared from the security measures tapes.Because he was n incessantly there. Look, Sophie likes yellow mustard like you.Second, Charlie continued, despite his sisters persistent indifference, all the stuff in the shop was g lowing like it was radioactive. Dont put that in her m unwraph.Oh my God, Charlie, Sophies straight. Look at her go subsequently that Lil Smokie.And third, that Creek guy, got hit by a bus up on Columbus yester twenty-four hours, I knew his name and he had an umbrella that was glowing red.Im so disappointed, said Jane. I was opinioning forward to raising her on the all-girls team giving her the advantages I never had, but look at her work that sausage. This kid is a natural.Get that out of her mouthRelax, she pratt eat it. She doesnt even have teeth. And its non like theres a moaning Teletubby on the former(a) end of it. Oh, jeez, its going to take major tequila to chance that picture out of my head.She burn downt have pork, Jane. Shes Jewish Are you trying to turn my daughter into a shiksa?Jane snatched the cocktail sausage out of Sophies mouth, and examined it, even as the fiber-optic strand of drool stayed connected to the tiny kid. I dont think I can eat these things eve r again, Jane said. Theyll always conjure visions of my niece blowing a terry-cloth puppet person.Jane Charlie grabbed the sausage from her and flung it into the sink.What?Are you listening at all?Yes, yes, you saw some guy get hit by a bus so your fabric is unraveling. So?So, someone is fucking with me?And why is that news, Charlie? Youve thought someone was fucking with you since you were eight.They have been. Probably. But this time its real. It could be real.Hey, these are all-beef Lil Smokies. Sophies not a shikster after all.ShiksaWhatever.Jane, youre not helping with my problem.What problem? You have a problem?Charlies problem was that the trailing edge of his important staminate imagination was digging at him like bamboo splinters at a lower place the fingernails. While Alpha young-begetting(prenominal)s are often gifted with superior physical attributes size, strength, speed, wide of the mark looks selected by evolution over the eons by the strongest surviving and, essentially, getting all the girls, the of import Male gene has survived not by meeting and overcoming adversity, but by anticipating and avoiding it. That is, when the Alpha Males were out charging after mastodons, the genus Beta Males could imagine in advance that attacking what was essentially an angry, woolly bulldozer with a pointy stick might be a losing proposition, so they hung back at camp to console the grieving widows. When Alpha Males set out to conquer neighboring tribes, to count coups and take heads, Beta Males could see in advance that in the event of a victory, the influx of female slaves was going to leave a surplus of mateless women cast out for younger trophy models, with nothing to do but salt down the heads and file the uncounted coups, and some would find solace in the arms of both Beta Male smart enough to survive. In the case of defeat, well, there was that widows thing again. The Beta Male is seldom the strongest or the fastest, but because he can anticip ate danger, he far outnumbers his Alpha Male competition. The universe of discourse is led by Alpha Males, but the machinery of the world turns on the bearings of the Beta Male.The problem (Charlies problem) is that the Beta Male imagination has become superfluous in the face of modern society. Like the saber-toothed tigers fangs, or the Alpha Males testosterone, theres fairish to a abundanter extent Beta Male imagination than can rightfully be put to peachy use. Consequently, a lot of Beta Males become hypochondriacs, neurotics, paranoids, or develop an addiction to porn or video games.Because, plot of land the Beta Male imagination evolved to help him avoid danger, as a side effect it also allows him fantasy-only access to power, money, and leggy, model-type females who, in reality, wouldnt accusation him in the kidneys to get a bug off their shoe. The rich fantasy tone of the Beta Male may often spill over into reality, manifesting in near-genius levels of self-delusion. In fact, many Beta Males, contrary to any empirical evidence, actually believe that they are Alpha Males, and have been endowed by their creator with forward-looking stealth charisma, which, although awesome in concept, is totally undetectable by women not constructed from carbon fiber. Every time a supermodel divorces her rock-star husband, the Beta Male secretly rejoices (or more accurately, feels great waves of unjustified hope), and every time a beautiful movie star marries, the Beta Male experiences a sense of lost opportunity. The entire metropolis of Las Vegas plastic opulence, treasure for the taking, vulgar towers, and cocktail waitresses with improbable breasts is built on the self-delusion of the Beta Male.And Beta Male self-delusion played no small part in Charlie send-off approaching Rachel, that rainy day in February, five years before, when he had ducked into A Clean, Well-Lighted Place for Books to get out of the storm, and Rachel granted him a faint smile over a stack of Carson McCullers she was shelving. He quickly convinced himself that it was because he was dripping with boyish charm, when it was, in fact, simply because he was dripping.Youre dripping, she said. She had blue eyes, sporty skin, and dark loose curls that fell around her face. She gave him a sideways glance just enough consideration to spur his Beta Male ego.Yeah, thanks, Charlie said, taking a step closer.Can I get you a towel or something?Nah, Im used to it.Youre dripping on Cormac McCarthy.Sorry. Charlie wiped All the Pretty Horses with his sleeve while he tried to see if she had a nice figure under the floppy sweater and cargo pants. Do you come here often?Rachel took a consequence before responding. She was wearing a name tag, working inventory from a metal cart, and she was pretty sure shed seen this guy in the store before. So he wasnt being stupid, he was being clever. Sort of. She couldnt help it, she laughed.Charlie shrugged damply and smiled. Im Charlie Ashe r.Rachel, Rachel said. They shook hands.Rachel, would you like to get a cup of coffee or something sometime?That diversity of depends, Charlie. Id need you to answer a few questions first.Of course, Charlie said. If you dont mind, I have some questions, too. He was thinking, What do you look like naked? and How long before I can check?Fine, because. Rachel put down The Ballad of the Sad Caf and counted on her fingers.Do you have a job, a car, and a place to live? And are the last two things the same thing? She was twenty-five and had been single for a while. Shed learned to screen her applicants.Uh, yes, yes, yes, and no.Excellent. Are you gay? Shed been single for a while in San Francisco.I asked you out.That means nothing. Ive had guys not realize they were gay until wed gone out a few times. Turns out thats my specialty.Wow, youre kidding. He looked her up and down and unyielding that she probably had a great figure under the baggy clothes. I could see it going the other way, butRight answer. Okay, Ill have coffee with you. non so fast, what about my questions?Rachel threw out a hip and rolled her eyes, sighed. Okay, shoot.I dont really have any, I just didnt want you to think I was easy.You asked me out thirty seconds after we met.Can you blame me? There you were, eyes and teeth hair, dry, place good books Ask meDo you think that theres any chance, you know, after we get to know each other, that youll like me? I mean, can you see it happening?It didnt matter that he was pushing it whether he was sly or just awkward, she was nude against his Beta Male charm sans charisma, and she had her answer. Not a chance, she lied.I miss her, Charlie said, and he looked away from his sister as if there was something in the sink that really, really needed studying. His shoulders shook with a sob and Jane went to him and held him as he slumped to his knees.I really miss her.I know you do.I hate this kitchen.Right there with you, kid.The good sister, she was.I see this kitchen and I see her face and I cant handle it.Yes, you can. You will. It will get better.Maybe I should move or something.You do what you think you need to, but pain travels pretty well. Jane rubbed his shoulders and his neck, as if his grief was a knot in a muscle that could be worked out under direct pressure.After a few minutes he was back, functioning, sitting at the counter between Sophie and Jane, drinking a cup of coffee. You think Im just imagining all this, then?Jane sighed. Charlie, Rachel was the center of your universe. Anyone who saw you guys together knew that. Your life revolved around her. With Rachel gone, its like you have no center, nothing to ground you, youre all feeble and unstable, so things seem unreal. But you do have a center.I do?Its you. I dont have a Rachel, or anyone like her on the horizon, but Im not spinning out of control.So youre saying I need to be self-centered, like you?I guess I am. Do you think that makes me a bad person?Do you care?G ood point. Are you going to be sanction? I need to go buy some yoga DVDs. Im startle a class tomorrow.If youre going to take a class, then why do you need DVDs?I have to look like I know what Im doing or no one will go out with me. You going to be okay?Ill be okay. I just cant go in the kitchen, or look at anything in the apartment, or listen to music, or lookout TV.Okay then, have fun, Jane said, tweaking the babys nose on the way out the door.When she was gone, Charlie sat at the counter for a while looking at baby Sophie. Strangely enough, she was the only thing in the apartment that didnt remind him of Rachel. She was a stranger. She looked at him those wide blue eyes with sort of an odd, glazed look. Not with the adoration or wonder that you might expect, more like shed been drinking and would be leaving as soon as she found her car keys.Sorry, Charlie said, averting his gaze to a stack of unpaid bills by the phone. He could feel the kid watching him, wondering, he thought , how many terry-cloth puppet people shed have to blow to get a decent render over here. Still, he checked that she was securely strapped in her chair, then went off to grab the undone laundry, because he was, in fact, going to be a very good father.Beta Males almost always make good fathers. They tend to be steady and responsible, the kind of guys a girl (if she was resolved to do without the seven-figure salary or the thirty-six-inch vertical leap) would want as a father for her children. Of course, shed rather not have to sleep with him for that to happen, but after youve been kicked to the curb by a few Alpha Males, the idea of waking up in the arms of a guy who will adore you, if for no other reason than gratitude for sex, and will always be there, even past the point where you can stand to have him around, is a comfortable compromise.For the Beta Male, if nothing else, is loyal. He makes a great husband as well as a great best friend. He will help you move and bring you soup when you are sick. Always considerate, the Beta Male thanks a woman after sex, and is often quick with an apology as well. He makes a great house sitter, especially if you arent especially attached to your house pets. A Beta Male is trustworthy your girlfriend is generally in safe hands with a Beta Male friend, unless, of course, she is a complete slut. (In fact, the complete slut through history may be exclusively responsible for the survival of the Beta Male gene, for loyal as he may be, the Beta Male is helpless in the face of charging, unimaginary bosoms.)And while the Beta Male has the potential to be a great husband and father, the skills still need to be learned. So, for the next few weeks, Charlie did short but care for the tiny stranger in his house. She was an alien, really a sort of eating, pooping, tantrum machine and he didnt understand anything about her species. But as he tended to her, talked to her, lost a lot of sleep over her, bathed her, watched her nap, and a dmonished her for the disgusting substances that oozed and urped out of her, he started to fall in love. One morning, after a oddly active night of the lead-and-change parade, he awoke to find her staring goofily at the mobile over her crib, and when she saw him, she smiled. That did it. Like her mother before her, she set the course of his life with a smile. And as it had with Rachel, that wet morning in the bookstore, his soul lit up. The weirdness, the bizarre circumstances of Rachels death, the red glowing items in the shop, the dark, winged thing higher up the street, all of it took a backseat to the new light of his life.He didnt understand that she loved him unconditionally so when he got up in the middle of the night to feed her, he put on a shirt and combed his hair and tested to see that his breath was free of funk. Within minutes of getting poleaxed with heart for his daughter, he started to develop a deep fear for her safety, which, over the course of a few days, bl ossomed into a whole new garden of paranoia.It looks like Nerf world in here, Jane said, one afternoon when she brought in the bills from the store and the checks for Charlie to sign. Charlie had padded every sharp corner or edge in the apartment with foam prophylactic and duct tape, put plastic covers on all of the electrical outlets, childproofed locks on all cabinets, installed new smoke, carbon monoxide, and radon detectors, and activated the V?CChip on the TV so that now he was incapable of watching anything that didnt feature baby animals or learning the alphabet.Accidents are the number one cause of death among children in America, Charlie said.But she cant even roll over on her stomach yet.I want to be ready. Everything I read says that one day youre breast-feeding them and the next day you wake up and theyre dropping out of college. He was changing the baby on the coffee table and had used ten baby wipes so far, if Jane had the count right.I think that might be a metaphor. You know, for how fast they grow up.Well, its done when shes ready to crawl.Why dont you just make a big foam-rubber grounds for her, its easier than padding the world. Charlie, its scary-looking in here. You cant bring a woman here, shed think youre nuts.Charlie looked at his sister for a long second without saying anything, just frozen there, holding a disposable diaper in one hand and his daughters ankles scissored between the fingers of the other.When youre ready, Jane stumbled on. I mean, Im not saying that youd bring a woman here.Okay, because Im not.Of course not. Im not saying that. But you have to leave the apartment. For one thing, you need to go downstairs to the store. Ray has sullen the point-of-sale computer into some kind of go out service and the truant officer has stopped by three times looking for Lily. And I cant keep doing the accounts and trying to run things and do my job, too, Charlie. Dad left field you the business for a reason.But theres no one to watch Sophie.You have Mrs. Korjev and Mrs. Ling right here in the building, let one of them watch her. Hell, Ill watch her for a few hours in the evening, if that will help.Im not going down there in the evening. Thats when things are radioactive.Jane set the stack of papers on the coffee table next to Sophies head and backed away with her arms crossed. Play what you just said back in your head, would you.Charlie did, then shrugged. Okay, that sounds a little crazy.Go make an appearance at the shop, Charlie. Just a few minutes to get your feet wet and put the fear of God in Ray and Lily, okay? Ill finish changing her.Jane slid in between the couch and the coffee table, nudging her brother out of the way. In the process she knocked the dirty diaper to the floor, where it fell open.Oh my God She gagged and turned her head.Another reason not to eat brown mustard, huh? Charlie said.You bastardHe backed away. Okay, Im going downstairs. Youre sure you got this?Go Jane said, waving him out of th e room with one hand while holding her nose with the other.

Acadamic Misconduct

Academic muff is described as donnish integrity violation for the unfair advantage of oneself or unfair pedantic advantage or disadvantage to others in donnishian commwholey, schoolman misconduct can be a plagiarism, cheating, and collusion but not limited. The other academic misconduct coiffureivities such as not come aftering academic staff directions regarding assessments and group work submissions, falsifying reports, having/spreading examination materials without unit teacher permission, arranging someone to do assessment work all these included as academic misconduct.If an allegation arises towards a student and if its proven in an investigation so student has to face penalties under student academic misconduct policy. In this essay we going to discuss in brief about plagiarism, cheating, collusion and academic misconduct procedural process depending on tyke or straight misconduct when allegations arise and petition for the student.As per UWS policy Plagiarism is d efined as an act of presenting material as ones own without appropriate acknowledgement that constitutes plagiarism, not the intension of the student when doing so, for example when student submits work in which words or ideas are presented as their own as intentional or unintentional without proper acknowledgment of the original author such as website, other students work, lecture, journal article or book.Cheating is described as any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a egg academic exercise such as examination, without due acknowledgment such as speaking to other students during examination, carrying any information materials such as textbooks, victimization electronics devices such as mobile, Bluetooth any other items which are prohibited by examination supervisory program. Collusion is where two or more(prenominal) people engage in plagiarism, cheating or encourage others to do so.According to UWS Academic misconduct policy there are Minor misconduct and substantial misco nduct. A Minor misconduct is determine by the university as a minimal threat to integrity of the student assessment in writing such as lack of referencing or academic requirements. A substantial misconduct is determine by the university as a major threat to integrity such as, when a student repeats minor misconduct activities intentionally, any allegations in the examination and any allegations related to collusion.In the process of investigating the allegations unit teacher, unit coordinator, Dean, school academic perpetration and student academic committee allow be involved. in the first stage of Investigation process and hearing of academic misconduct, If unit teacher or examination supervisor believe that there is any academic misconduct happened, and they arrest evidence or reasons to support, teacher of the unit will report to unit coordinator with relevant documentation by signed copy or email, then with in five working days unit coordinator will send copy of allegation t o the Dean.The dean, will advise unit coordinator to do investigation, and then unit coordinator and unit teacher decides to do further investigation, unit teacher will notify the student and call for concourse in writing by post and email. Student can attend meeting with fellow student or university academic staff instalment or a student welfare officer. Meeting will be organised between 8 15 working days after on invitation letter despatch date. Student must respond to the invitation with in seven working days date of despatch whether he / she will attend the meeting or not.The decision will be made on the allegation even in the student absence. If unit coordinator decides that the allegation is not substantial he / she will dismiss it. Other penalties like refer to academic counselling, student require to re-submit assessment task after re-submission unit coordinator makes a decision on the marks and grades student may get zero marks. If the unit coordinator determine its su bstantial he/ she will be referred to relevant dean for decision.After going through with(predicate) all the process as discussed earlier in which case the unit coordinator will send the invitation letter to student for meeting with dean. After meeting if dean decides its not substantial dean will dismiss the allegation. When dean decides the allegations substantial then dean can penalise student such as recommend to counselling, ask for re-submission of work, if required student has to sit for exam again, dean will decide marks and grades. If dean judges that the allegation very substantial or too serious then dean refers that allegation to SAC (student academic committee).After going all the process as discussed above, student will have meeting with SAC members. After meeting if SAC decides if allegation are true it will take any action of dean penalties or junto of them, or suspend the student from university minimum period of 6months not more than 12 months, or dismiss the stu dent for minimum of 12 months not more than 24 months in this case student has to apply for readmission or SAC can suspend the student permanently from the university.A student can appeal against the unit coordinators decision when student considers that the decision was made against the procedural fairness or when student not agreeing with allegations or when student considers that there is a substantial sweet evidence which was not available previously to unit coordinator or when student considers the penalty imposed by unit coordinator was too severe. Student must appeal within 15 days with evidence in writing to dean from the date of the letter advising of unit coordinators decision.It is the responsibility of every student to respect and obey the policy of UWS for academic misconduct to maintain academic integrity among academic community, when allegations were proven the student has to face severe penalties imposed by university academic committee besides the appeal options f or student, The best option for students is to work hard on their own and get help when needed from academic teachers before submitting any academic work.

Horizon Foods Corporation Essay

1. What are the characteristics of the market served by the perspective Foods Corporation?Poor Delivery, high cost of shipping crate, sensitive quantity, high stocks, and high competition. Horizons product lines throw away focused on ethnic diet specialties including salad dressings, sauces for Italian pasta, and condiments such as specialty pickles. Is a national company that provides food products. Customers in this market are in many places, dierent points they prepare meals for small retailers who are demanding customized products, customers demands small quantities.2. What problems inhabit at the Horizon Foods Corporation?Horizon have problems with the distribution of products, the amount of inventory tick problems in warehouses, the increasing demands of customers on products, services, the costs of transportation are high, coordinate issues within the company, also they need a better intercourse. Orders are generally small, amounting to five to six cases per order, or a bout 150 to 200 pounds at a time.3. Why do you think the problems exist?Marketing and production departments are not lined. They need information on time. Inventory of products that require a special request of customers, the demands of the customers due to the fact that small amounts of 5-6, shipping crate increase the cost of 150-200 pounds, negotiated warehouse is not enough quality service as provided by some other companies, the companys determination of the amount of inventory in the structuring, planning and transport issues the contract warehouses intricacies of product quantities. The two plants one in the Central Valley of California at Fresno and the other in Illinois about 60 miles south of Chicago, the transport between are expenses too.4. What would you suggest the task force recommend in order to gain control over this product movement process?The changes required to gain control over the supply chain, Horizon need a better level of communication system. They need t o keep an eye and to implement new systems that would help in these areas Business administration, accounting systems.

Griswold’s concept of “Culture” from a sociological viewpoint Essay

Griswold explored the concept of culture by two different perspectives, namely through the humanities and anthropologys viewpoint. With reference to different philosophers interpretation of culture, Griswold defines culture broadly as a complex whole, including everything in a social world. Since culture and social world argon related to achieve a fuller understanding of culture, we have to examine the connection in the midst of them, and how the two come together. The conceptual tool she uses to investigate the connections between cultures and societies are the cultural object, and the cultural diamond. Cultural objects are given meanings divided up by members of the culture, and it is through those meanings that those objects are linked to the social worlds. Therefore, we need to decipher how the meanings came by- Griswold introduces and compares different versions of reproof theory in functionalism, Marxism and Weberian Sociology, whereby culture is seen as a reflection of soci al life, or vice versa.The mirror theory is based on the assumption that culture is the mirror of social reality, reflecting the social world. This is an idea central to the functionalist and red reflective theory however, she points out that while they share the same reflection model, the essence of the two is opposites. Under Marxs view, everything, even human consciousness, starts from and has the history as a product of human labor (homo faber). Culture is a concept largely based on the material forces of production and economic foundation of a society. This historical materialism , and the production relations of society is the true root of culture, therefore , it is the social being that determines mens existence.However, for Functionalism, culture is based on mutual interdependence of one another to meet the needs of a society. Every component in a society is reflective of others. There are no class struggles, as opposed to Marxist theory. As for Webers view of the mirror th eory, Weber takes into account that the culture and society kindred is two- way social actions reflects cultural meanings. He argues that while material interests are still being pursued, the way men pursued their interests shows cultural causes in his illustrious switchman metaphor.The above modern sociological theories illustrates now culture is related, in many different ways, to the social world. Modern music is an physical exercise illustrating how societal actions reflects our ever-changing culture- music has always been a vehicle by which we express our values. In recent years, lyrics containing profanity or vulgar language are so greenness and are very popular among youngsters. It reflects that our culture has became more outspoken and less censorious. Conservatism is no longer something valued. Take another example- women these days are obsess with slimming as thin is now commonly regarded as beautiful. Women would go at great lengths to achieve their ideal body shape, just to conform to social pressures. This is an example showing how social phenomena can reflect culture, even though this culture is not necessarily beneficial to the society.BibliographyGriswold, Wendy. 2004. Cultures and Societies in a CHanging World. CA languish Froge Press. Selections.

Pupil

Concert Music Is one of the most Important art expressions, lots of feelings and values can be expressed, and of course lots of stories can be told too. I alike(p) many music styles, from classical music to rock and even folks music. One of my popular musicians is Sting, he is a great singer, deep/doubles player, a great song writer and an actor too. His style is a mixture of many styles, such as pop, Jazz, blues, soul, reggae and much more. One of my favorite songs Is Shape of my heart, Sting Is a brilliant and clever clausal, a great song writer and one hell of a performer.I love the mood, sense and passion of Stings music, and there are so many songs you can really connect to. With incredible musicianship, Sting combines rock, jazz and blues like nobody else, and his distinctive, effectual voice never disappoints. My favorite album is the Nothing Like the Sun Sting was born on October 2, 1951 in Newcastle-upon-Tone, a large industrial urban center in Northumberland. His re al name Is Gordon Mathematics Samara. HIS m another(prenominal) had a miscalculation. She taught her son to the wonderful world of music by teaching IM to play the pianoforte his childhood.An American drummer Stewart Copeland noticed him,and persuaded him to do rock. He got the nickname Sting because he loved to wear black sweaters in a gold stripe, which made him look like a bumblebee. In 1981, Sting left the group,and in 1985 he released his first solo album The Dreamed The Blue Turtles. The most popular songs 0 Russians 0 Roseanne C Englishman In New-York CLC All For Love 0 When We Dance 0 Brand New Day CLC Ill Be Missing You Shape Of My Heart Favorite My favorite song Is Englishman In New York.Sting wrote this song about himself, about his life in the USA. Some lines from it dont drink coffee I take tea, my dear,l like my crease done on the sideband you can hear it in my accent when I talk an Englishman in New York Today, I listen to a lot of folk songs with my child who Is thr ee years old. My son Is very fond of folk songs, especially Sultan Kodiak and Bell Bartok songs and choral works. When I was 7 years old, I went to the Sultan Kodiak elementary school, so I know a lot of folk songs. My sons favorite Hey VaryingIf you have time, I often listen to the radio, I like almost all genres. I like any kind of music and I have already been to deferent concerts with my friends The members of hooligans known each other since childhood and had even played together. In 1996, the band was founded Hooligans, The band consists of four members There are plenty of awards and recognition received in recent years. In the future, I will want to go to a concert hooligans. My husband and my child loves this band. We listen this music in the car when we travel somewhere.

Genetically modified organism Essay

genetically modifying foods might seem very unorthodox with the changing of traits and genes within the foods, but genetically modifying foods does not hurt the consumer in any way. originally in the 1990s, genetically change foods were announced by the feed and Drug Administration to not be inherently dangerous. However, when a type of transgenic corn whiskey was pulled from the market when it was mistakenly entered into the open food supply in 2000 that was not fit for human consumption, it led to growing concerns of the safety of consuming genetically special foods.These foods atomic number 18 not only safe, but transformative. Agricultural biotechnology has lessened the amount of chemical pesticides and herbicides used in these foods. This science has been making important contributions to the replacement of world hunger, genetically modify foods are obviously safe to consume. genetically special foods are definitely safe and nutritious because if the consumption of gen etically modified foods posed a wellness threat, we would have cognize it by now. The biotechnology within the foods has made it possible to have a safe consumption.Genetically modified foods have never been proven to be harmful to humans. Genetically modified (GM) food has become so common in the U. S. that most people do not even know when they are consuming it (Update Genetically Modified victuals, 2008). If the foods were harmful, people would be getting sick all the clock time since most of the time we dont even know that we are consuming it. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that GM foods were not inherently dangerous (ProQuest Staff, At Issue Genetically Modified Foods, 2013).The FDA is a huge association that regulates the purity and safety of foods, drugs, and cosmetics. If they say that the GM foods are safe, then they are definitely safe. Genetically modified foods are safe for the environment. Most GM crops have been modified to be either herbicide- or i nsect-immunebecause the plants themselves are poisonous to insects, farmers do not need to spray their crops with pesticides, which harm the environment. Biotechnicians also say modifications like those lead to more efficient farming and, in turn, resultin high crop yields (Update Genetically Modified Food, 2008). Since farmers do not need to spray their crops with pesticides, they dont damage the earth, making genetically modified foods safe. By raising the oil content of other plants non-petroleum, organic lubricants can be harvested, reducing dependence on fossil fuel (Modified Food May Enrich Our Health, 1999). Less fossil fuel will be produced, making the genetically modified foods safe for the earth. Not every unmatchable is for genetically modifying foods, though. fit to the article, Genetically Modified Food Should Be Banned, products of the biotech industry cannot be considered safe because there has only been one human health study published in 2004 called The Newcastle Study (Andy Rees, Genetically Modified Food Should Be Banned, 2003). Having only one published story of the health effects of genetically modified foods is a legitimate reason to want to ban the cultivation of the GM crops, but from a scientific perspective, there really should not be a concern of GM foods being more harmful compared to the non GM foods.Genetically modified have no scientific evidence of not being safe. GM crops can contribute to a great future for all people, but if the cultivation of GM crops were to be banned, no explore could be done to descry the positives and negatives of GM crops. According to the article, Genetically Modified Food Should Not be Banned, but Carefully Monitored, some crops that are genetically modified to be resistant to maybe herbicide or pests are exposed to a lot less of the chemical contaminations than most of the foods we eat are (Conor Meade, Genetically Modified Food Should Not be Banned, but Carefully Monitored, 2003).So, it is possi ble that GM food is not bad for us at all. And although GM crops are not the solvent for the sicknesses of the world, if the technology is handled by publicly funded institutions, they can find possible ways to modify the foods to create a much greater future for the people otiose to consume them. Genetically modified foods are definitely safe and nutritious because if the consumption of genetically modified foods posed a health threat, we would have known it by now.Because of the incapability to prove that GM foods are definitely neither safe nor unsafe, the issue will remain controversial. People will always be uncertain about conducting research of the topic because of that, but if it remains like this, foods will not be able to be modified to help the health of others by creating allergy-resistant products, and we will never be able to find any more information about the GM crops making them always remain a health risk mystery. In addition, GM crops could be very beneficial an d make a great future for all people.But without careful and usual study and research, proper decisions about the cultivation and use of GM crops can never be made. Research on GM crops by public institutions is perfectly necessary in order to find more information about the issue. Without this research, a ban on GM crops is definitely not the best idea. Since genetically modified foods have been on market shelves for over twenty years and there has been no proof that they hurt anyone, it is safe to assume that no one will have a late health consequence from digesting a GM food they had over a decade ago.Instead of banning the research and cultivation of the GM foods, research should be accepted to be searched about the topic because eventually the GM food industry could do wonders. Works Cited Meade, Conor. Genetically Modified Food Should Not Be Banned, but Carefully Monitored. Genetically Engineered Foods. Ed. Nancy Harris. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2003. At Issue. Rpt. from Careful Stewardship of GM Crops Is Needed, Not a Ban. Irish Times 23 June 2007 13. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. Rees, Andy. Genetically Modified Food Should Be Banned. Genetically Engineered Foods.Ed. Nancy Harris. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2003. At Issue. Rpt. from GM PotatoesFacts and Fictions. The Ecologist 36. 9 (22 Sept. 2006) 14-15. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. ProQuest Staff. At Issue Genetically Modified Foods. ProQuest LLC. 2013 n. pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. Update Genetically Modified Food. Issues & Controversies On File n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 31 Dec. 2008. Web. Modified Foods May Enrich Our Health. Vancouver Sun (Vancouver, Canada). 20 Dec 1999 A12. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web.

Fallingwater Critque

I TLD understand the make when I first saw Its Image pop up, but with further Investigation, It grew on me. Maybe It Is because I am not an outdoorsy kind of person But the way the create Is designed, Is unique and quit intriguing. This building has many square edges, it seems basic along the outside of the building. But it is when you formula at the materials apply, the rocks along the exterior w altogethers and the red paned windows and railings that seem to bring e precisething all in all together.I still am not sure if I like the way the building is put together, but it laps for its private and knowing location. It appears to have been always made for this location, the building seems almost natural. And the colors work very well together, again, all natural. Structure The structure of the building varies with each area. There are 3 horizontal trays made up of reinforced concrete which form there three levels of the firm. There are four piers, or bolsters anchored Into a boulder underneath the mall floor act as the fulcrum for the house.Counterbalancing weight to the back, or north side, of the house keep it from toppling into the stream. The cantilever, which is the long piece of concrete underneath the building is the basis for the entire structure. Materials The materials which Frank Lloyd Wright has used to create the falling water building were very simple. He used sandstone, reinforced concrete, steel and glass. Which all the materials can be seen by loping right at the building. The building has many shapes and lines, but together it flows very peacefully.Some that re seen are pentagon, rectangle, semi-circle and squares pieces of the building. Talking about them separately, you wouldnt think they would flow as nicely. But they do work together In this setting. Context The environment and the building all do flow nicely together. If this building was built in a rustic area in a community of other rural homes, it would NEVER fit in. But this b uilding creates the environment and atmosphere as if it was always made to be there. It has become on with the river and surrounding landscape. It grows as the trees would grow that hover the river and building.

Comparisons of Economic Terms Essay

Look at wellness c be from an frugalal bewitch orchestrate and learn how political economy has a major effect on the management of health c are in our society. I chose the first two words on the list, re beginnings and quality, along with luck be, to discuss in this paper. In the discussion the terms will be defined and the relationship that the terms share in the view of market political economy and the health economic science will be analyzed. The question will be asked, How are these three terms related and the effects they share on the health care corporation. Also what affects do they play in health cares organizations economical view meridian? The market economics and the health economics definition of the terms shed a different perspective on the economics of the health care industry.The two views make the health care industry in order to be successful and maintain the ability to serve the public. There must be a sound accord of economics, because health care is base d on finances and go and how well the finances and service are to be managed. These terms are similar in marketing and health care but they be ramps differ in meanings based on the situation. Economics study how people make choices for using resources and the health care organizations use the corresponding principle. The success of health care depends on effective management of the resources. The economic resources affect the usage of medical care and its services. Terms viewed from a market and health stand point and from an economics stand, compared to health care are resources, opportunity cost, and quality.Definition of Economic TermsResource a supply of something that someone has and give notice use when it is needed (Merriam Webster .com, 2014). opportunity Cost the added cost of using resources that is the discrepancy between the actual nourishresulting from much(prenominal) use and that of an alternative (Merriam Webster .com, 2014). Quality a characteristic or featu re that someone or something has a high aim of value or excellence (Merriam Webster .com, 2014). securities industry Economic Term Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality Resource is defined by Merriam Webster dictionary as, a natural source of wealth or revenue, computable wealth. In economics resource is a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed (Merriam Webster .com, 2014).wellness economics term Resource Opportunity cost and Quality wellness Care Economic Terms Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality As health care terms they are defined as such Opportunity cost is, the economic definition of cost, also known as opportunity cost, is the value of opportunity forgone, strictly the best opportunity forgone, as a result of engaging resources in an activity. Note that thither can be a cost without the exchange of money. Also the economists notion of cost extends beyond the cost falling on the health service alone it includes costs falling on other services and on patients themselves. Resource is defined as, the basic inputs to cropion the time and abilities of individuals, natural resources such as come and capital.Quality is a generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, as, physical, political, moral and complaisant environment the overall condition of a human life(Glossary Of Frequently Encountered Terms In Health Economics, 2003). Market Economic Terms Resource, Opportunity Cost and Quality Quality is the choicest care or the excellence of something. Recourse the tools and manpower to achieve a task and opportunity cost is the final value placed on the product or service. Cost and quality have a great influence in the health care industry. The quality of health care has increased in the last 30 years along with cost at an even faster rate (Gretzen, 2007).Market Economics Compared to Health EconomicsThe difference in the terms of market economics & healt h care economics is as follows. Market economics is trade the making of a buck. A place where buyers and sellers exchange dollars for a product and/or services (Gretzen, 2007). Health care economics is the purchasing of health care services, the doctor is the seller and the patients are the buyers. In other situationsthe pharmaceutical companies, medical equipment producers and so on are the sellers and the clients/patients are the buyers. Gretzen states these proceedings are based on the terms of the trade, (Gretzen, 2007). In market economics the resources that are used can influence the quality of product, produced and depicts the cost that will be attached to the product for the buyer to be required to right for the product.In health care economics resources, quality and cost do work as separate entities, as well as one entity. The resources of health care economics depicts what the health community can produce as a whole. go away research technology, health plans, etc., be available? Will health care be affordable and available to all that need it? And will the quality be able to meet the standards the federal government and the medical communities have set when providing health care and services? These are the questions to be looked at by the marketing and economics teams in the health care community. So they can answer yes to all the questions that are on the minds of many.ConclusionWhen reviewing the economic terms from both side of the coin, market economics and health care economics, resource, quality and opportunity cost are key to the level that health care can be marketed to the community. Health care can be produced and delivered well, at the same time. It can, at the same time, be an affordable value and a high quality product also. scorn Gretzens view of health cares high cost reflecting the publics willingness to pay for health care when confronted with the possibility of death we will pay for just about anything to get our health back. ( Gretzen, 2007) mentality.References(2014). Retrieved from Merriam Webster www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quality Gretzen, T. (2007). Healthcare Economics and Financing (3rd. Ed.). Health Definitions/Glossary of Frequently Encountered Terms in Health Economics. (2003). Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/edu/healthecon/glossary.htmlCost

A Root Cause Analysis Essay

health c atomic number 18 facilities that be accredited by Joint Commission argon required after a observatory dis forge case to conduct a root run abbreviation (RCA). A root casing analysis is conducted to determine the cause or factors that contributed to the sentinel event. A few things must be asked in the RCA such(prenominal) as who, what, where, why and how in order to identify the cause. After the cause of the sentinel event is heady and a nonindulgent proceeding plan has been contrive in place a failure flair and effects analysis (FMEA) could be conducted to reduce the likelihood that it should happen again.The scenarioA 67 year aging male (Mr. B) was brought into the touch room for pain to left leg and left pelvis. The injury occurred when the long-suffering of had a f both overdue to him losing his balance after tripping over his dog. The hospital is a 60 spang rural hospital located in Mr. Bs hometown. Mr. B was brought in by his male child and neighbor. Upon triage Mr. B was complaining of pain 10/10 on the numerical pain scale and his vital organ were found to be stable. Mr. B has a history of impaired glucose tolerance, prostate cancer, and chronic pain which he is on oxycod iodin. The Patient states he had no known exclusivelyergies or previous f entirelys. Upon the breast feeding assessment protect J. has noticed that the forbearing has limited range in motion, his left leg has swelling and appears shortened in comparison to the right. harbor J. has informed the ED physician which he came to his bedside for evaluation. Upon evaluation the physician decided that Mr. B needed to have a decrease of his left hip, due to the dislocation and testament require a certified sedation. Mr. B requires multiple doses of medication to achieve the desired sedation affect for the reduction. Once the reduction was successful Mr. B is left with son in the room where a full set of vitals were not continuously monitoring deviceed and go es into respiratory failure which lead to the death of Mr. B. Staffing on this day is the day of the event consisted of a secretary, emergency surgical incision physician (Dr. T), and two nurses (one RN and one licensed practical nurse). A respiratory therapist is in house and available as needed in this six bed ED and cardinalbed hospital.EventsAt 330pm- Mr. B was taken to ED for left leg and left hip pain from a fall. Pain is a 10/10 vitals include 120/80 blood pressure (BP), 88 heart rate (HR) and regular, 98.6 temperature, (T), 32 respirations (R), 175 lbs.. At 405pm- Mr. B was given Diazepam 5mg IVP which had no affect after 5min. At 410pm- Dr. T orders 2mg of hydromorphone to be given to Mr. B. At 415pm- Mr. B was given 2mg of hydromorphone IVP.At 420pm- Dr. T is not satisfied with level of sedation and orders Mr. B to be given 2mg of hydromorphone, and diazepam 5mg IVP. At 425pm- Mr. B appears to be sedated and reduction of his (L) hip takes place. The uncomplaining remain s sedated and appears to have tolerated the mapping. The maps concludes at 430pm. No distress is noted, uncomplaining is primed(p) on monitor for blood pressure to be taken all(prenominal) 5 minutes along with pulse oximeter but no supplemental oxygen or cardiogram leads (monitors cardiac rhythm and respirations) was placed on long-suffering at this time. At 430pm- comfort J allows Mr. Bs son to remain in the room with him as he is macrocosm monitor by blood pressure machine only. Nurse J leaves the room. At 435pm- Mr. B vitals are BP 110/62, O2 sat is 92% still no oxygen or ECG leads are on patient at this time. EMS is transporting a patient in respiratory distress, lobby is beginning to find come on congested.LPN and Nurse J. in the exhibit of discharging 2 patients and are checking in the patient that EMS has transported in. LPN enters Mr. Bs room and resets his alarming monitor that was showing a sat of 85% and restarts the B/P to recycle. LPN does not supply oxygen and does not alert Nurse J at this time. way is not notified that patient sharpness and patient load is increasing. Nurse J is now fully occupied with the emergency care of the respiratory distress patient. At 443pm- Mr. Bs son comes out of room and informs the nurse that the monitor is alarming with vitas of B/P 58/80 O2 of 79%. The patient has no palpable pulse and is not breathing. A STAT label is called and the son is taken to the waiting room.The code teams arrives places Mr. B on cardiac monitor where he is in ventricular fibrillation and the team begins resuscitative efforts. CPR is started and the patient is intubated. Mr. B is defibrillated and reversalagents, vasopressors and IV were started. At 513pm- After 30 min of interventions the ECG returns to a normal sinus rhythm with Mr. Bs B/P being 110/70. The patient is all overly dependent on the ventilator, his pupils are fixed and dilated and there is no spontaneous movements. The family as asked for the patient to be t ransferred out to a tertiary rapidity for further advanced care.Outcome heptad old age later Mr. B has died. The family had requested that life- congest be removed after brain death had been unflinching by EEGs. This is a sentinel event.Investigation of sentinel event should begin with a group and method of investigation. Interdisciplinary team included in the RCA should include the Director of Nurses, care for Supervisor, Risk management, Nursing Coordinator, and Manager of the department. Once the team is put together the RCA should be started. The team should set up interviews with all supply that was involved and present in the department the day the sentinel event happened. A complete chart review should be conducted by team.The policies on conscious sedation, staffing of department, and standardized work should be reviewed. When the cause is identified a corrective action plan should be conducted. The corrective action plan allow for allow a series of projects can be put in place to help hit or change polices if needed. The hot or changed polices should be put into education agencyls to t severally to current and new staff as needed.The Root Cause AnalysisCausative factors- (why it happened) determined causeIndividuals cause factorsNurse J did not follow social function for conscious sedation. The patient was not placed on continuous B/P, ECG, and pulse oximeter throughout the procedure. Respiratory Therapist was not informed of the conscious sedation. LPN did not address low o2 volume of 85% in the midst of the 435pm-443pm. Dr. T did not take in account of the patients weight and chronic pain medication use. Nurse J did not question the medication that Dr. T ordered.teams cause factorsManagement was not called and informed of staffing needs and acuity of patients. Back up staff was not called in to help when acuity and patient load had increased. Commination amid Nurses and Dr. T were not present when the patient began to decompensate.Manag ement /Organizational cause factorsUnsafe Staffing at ED. There was not enough staff present to safely manage emergencies in the ED. RCA FindingsErrors and/or Hazards1. Per protocol the patient was not hooked up to the beseeming monitoring equipment at the bedside. The facility procedure police called for continuous B/P ECG, and pulse oximetry during and after procedure until patient conglomerate the discharge criteria. The nurse should have remained with patient during the recovery period. Crash cart with defibrillator was not present during the procedure nor was the proper reversal agents that could reverse the medication given for sedation. 2. Nursing staff communication was very poor. LPN did not notify Nurse J or ED physician when the patients o2 saturation dropped down to 85%. Oxygen was not placed on patient when O2 saturation dropped which led to respiratory failure causing the patient to code and eventually led to Mr. Bs death.3. Communication between ED staff and managem ent lacked when staffing needs increased. Patient guard duty was put at lay on the line when the patient load and acuity increased in the ED and the staffing did not increase. Staffing shortage caused the nurse and nursing put forward staff to attend to other patients and leave Mr. B unmonitored which led to respiratory distress due to the patient being over medicated for sedation which led to respiratory failure and eventually led to Mr. Bs death. 4. The ED physician did not request the patient be transferred to the nearest trauma center due to lack of recourses in the emergency department.Recommended Corrective Action Plan/Change surmise/Improvement Plan1. Improved patient safety during conscious sedation Effective immediately all conscious sedation procedures impart be conducted per protocol. Within 10 days the conscious sedation procedure should be measure outd by a committee to encounter the best put ons are being used. Within 30 days of this RCA allstaff should be educ ated on conscious sedation protocol. every last(predicate) nursing staff should use review protocols for conscious sedation before a conscious sedation procedure is to take place. 2. Communication within the department should be evaluated immediately by a group of staff members to find out where the miscommunication failure lies. This could be that the nursing support staff is unaware of the parameters that should be inform to nurse or physician. With 10 days of this RCA a policy on documentation of communication should be put in place to ensure that all nursing staff are documenting the communication of a patients change in status has be reported to physician.Effective immediately all nursing support staff should be educated on parameters that should be reported to nursing staff and physicians. This should be put into a policy along with documentation of communication. 3. Improved patient to nurse ratios Management should put in place a safe nurse to patient ratio for the emergen cy room. Communication policy between department and management should be put in place effective immediately to ensure that no other patient should be placed in defames way due to staffing shortage. The emergency department should be put on diversion if the patient load and acuity places patients at risk for harm in any manner. A copy of the RCA should be given to management and leadership. Management should make out the finding with all emergency department staff.Feedback should be done 30 days after corrective action plan or change theory have been put in place to ensure that everything that has been put in place is effective for the department to improve patient safety. Constant reevaluation of patient safety should be conducted and feedback given to improve patient safety by all providers involved. Management will track to ensure that all staff follow all protocols to ensure that patient care and safety are not compromised. At a 90 days bench mark after the corrective action plan has been put in place management should revisit the any changes made to protocols and polices to ensure abidance and effectiveness is still in place and reevaluate the process to ensure patient safety. nonstarter way of life and Effects Analysis (FMEA)A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis is proactive versus the RCA which is reactive. A FMEA assesses a process for risks of failures or adverse effects of a process and prevents them by correcting what is wrong proactively(Institute for Heathcare Improvement, 2004). A health care facility may use FMEA tools on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement website to evaluate a process in the facility. This tool will calculate a risk priority number (RNP) of a process, evaluate the impact of the process and the changes that are being considered, and tract the improvement over time (Institute for Heathcare Improvement, 2004).PRE-FMEA1. touchstone one Select a process to be evaluated with FMEA. The FMEA for this paper will focus on the conscious sedation protocol. 2. Step Two Recruit a multidisciplinary team and include a member from every department that may be involved or affected. This team for the conscious sedation protocol should will include.Registered NursePhysicianManagementPharmacistRespiratory therapistA member from LegalLaboratory techEmergency Department Tech3. Step Three Information needs to be gathered by the team. A advert of pure tones in the process being evaluated should be put together or even an outline of tone of voices would be helpful to the team. All internal and external entropy, clinical practice guidelines, current policies and procedures, current literature and any other information that may pertain to the process that is being evaluated. For the purpose of this paper we would use data on outcomes of conscious sedation protocols, RCAs on no-count outcomes, clinical practice guidelines and any research documentation that would aid in best practices for conscious sedation.Team meet ings should be structured with an agenda. A leader or primary person with extensive intimacy of the FMEA knowledge (Department of defense mechanism Patient Safety Center, 2004) 4. Step Four The Team should list the failure modes and causes. In each process all failure modes should be listed, and then for each failure mode a list of assertable causes should be listed as well. In this scenario we will use this as an examplePreparing medication incorrectly medication vigilant rail at dose prepared5. Step Five A Risk precession Number (RPN) will be assigned to each failure mode for the likelihood of occurrence, for the likelihood of detection, and for the clumsiness. This step is also known as the three steps FMEA. The RPN is a numerical rating. For this scenario here is an example likeliness of Occurrence This will measure the likelihood a failure mode is to occur. The score range will be 1-10 with 1 center it is very un in all likelihood to occur and 10 meaning very likely to occur. Example- Wrong medication prepared = 5Likelihood of Detection This will measure the likelihood a failure mode is to be detected if it should occur. The score range will be 1-10 with 1 meaning it is very likely to be detected and 10 meaning very unlikely to be detected. Example- Wrong medication prepared = 6Severity of occurrence This will measure the severity of the failure mode should it occur. The score range will be 1-10 with 1 meaning no effect and 10 will be death should a failure mode occur. Example- Wrong medication prepared= 96. Step Six The team will evaluate the results. For each failure mode the three scores are multiplied with each other. The failure mode with the highest RPN will be the one that will be evaluated by the team to ensure patient safety. The higher the RPN a failure mode has the higher the potential for harm it may cause. The RPN score can be as high as 1,000 and as low at 3. Example- Wrong Medication PreparedOccurrence- 5Detection- 6Severity- 95x6x9 = overall score =2707. Step Seven An improvement plan will be made based on the RPN. Likely to Occur. Have a triple check put in place. Have team attempt to eliminate all possible causes. Example-Have medication scanned when pulled from Pyxis to check providers order. Have patient scanned before medication may be prepared to check providers order. Have patient and medication scanned to ensure correct patient with the correct medication and proper providers order.Unlikely to be detected.Look for warning signs that the error may not be detected.Use data from any previous or prior errors.Severity.Use any data available to determine severity of error.Make available any and all resources to prevent further errors and severity of errors.Final Step- The final step in the FMEA is to plan an observation or test. A plan should be clear of its objections and should have some sort of predictions or outcomes. During the test all data should be documented. In this data collection form all obser vations including problems or unexpected issues should be documented and later evaluated. After the test is complete and all data collected the team should meet for analysis of the data. A summary of the analysis should be documented.All changes or modifications to the process will be based on the test and analysis of data conducted. any and all changes should be communicated to all staff members. These changes may or may not show improvement to the process, this is why constant reevaluation of all process should be conducted and any feedback should be given to leadership for the reevaluation of the process.Nurses play a vital role in health care. Nurses have the most contact with a patient. Nurses canalize out any orders and or processes. A nurse is the patient advocate, they are the ones who will advocate for patient safety. Nurses are the advocates who will be looking for evidence base practices to improve patient care and patient safety. Improving quality of care for each pati ent will improve the outcomes for each patient.ReferencesDepartment of Defense Patient Safety Center. (2004, 12 26). Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Retrieved from FMEA Info Centre http//www.fmeainfocentre.com/handbooks/FMEA_Guide_V1.pdf Institute for Heathcare Improvement. (2004). Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Retrieved from Institute for Heathcare Improvement http//www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/FailureModesandEffectsAnalysisTool.aspx

Fundementals Quality of Management Survey

In a world where the basic fundamentals of personal credit line cast to constantly change, it becomes essential for any company implement a thorough and effective form of oversight. passim history most civilized societies do constantly searched for ways to better repair the role of patronage by improving management. The most common emerging management concept is form of management cognise as Total Quality Management (TQM). This is a structured system for satisfying internal and outside customers as closely as suppliers, by improving the production quality of goods and gos.Some of the major points of TQM ar the creation of a constant sea of purpose for the improvement of product and service other aspects of TQM intromit the constant improval and continual process planning. This paper will analyze three different sectors of management and the vogue in which each utilizes TQM, including 1) an organization from the customer service industry (Burger great power), 2) a no n-profit organization (a public school), and 3) the regimen (a detective unit inwardly a police force municipality). Fin entirelyy, it will access the importance of lead within each of the three selected industries as it relates to quality.In order for any company or corporation to agree a warlike edge they must still follow the basic fundamentals of management which argon divided in foursome major parts. The most common guidelines handlers use to ensure effectiveness 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) leading, and 4) controlling. to each one one of these functions help uphold the quality of any condescension, however, there are many other functions that besides play an intricate part of being successful. Some of these other functions were derived by trial and error, others were imposed because we have become more of a technical society with higher expectations. These other functions include work outing, evaluating, reporting, and staffing. Although not all of these are the foundations of management, there just as vital to a management team as the four basic others.The first function of management is Planning. In this phase, managers set the tone for all activities run or controlled by the company or course. In the future, this aspect will change in accordance with the school of thought behind TQM. Managers will need to adopt a new philosophy, and end the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag alone. With so many competitors in every industry, a manager will have to recognize that other elements of planning are pregnant for the business to survive. Customer service and the quality of product or service will come to the forefront of customer choice.A cut-price product will not be able to survive in this rapidly changing business environment. establishment is another extremely definitive aspect of the undeniable managerial skills for any manager desiring guaranteed success. Organization bath be as simple as instituting training at work in a pattern that overlooks no single employee. A good manager ratnot expect employees to train themselves or improve their work manners without additional help. A inviolate organized training program is sure to enhance even the most successful company.A strong leadership team is another necessary important aspect for business in the 21st ascorbic acid. This leadership team must be instituted and adopted without precaution at the workplace. Employees who fear their supervisors simply cannot evolve into successful employees interested in the growth of their company. A strong leadership team will effectively manage the business with the overall objective of accomplishing the larger goals of the organization. Leadership is also represented by effective communication with other members of the team, the establishment of high standards, and the promotion of inveterate education in the line of business.Maintaining Effective Control over the business is also a exceedingly rega rded area in effective management. Effective control can be exuberant in a number of ways. One of these ways in accordance with the TQM model is to eliminate slogans, exhortations and targets for the workforce, which can be a cause of negative staff response. The system if annual raises or merit systems should also be eliminated and raises should be given based on performance and quality of workmanship. Numerical quotas for the work force and numerical goals for management should be eliminated as well.The role of TQM in the customer service industry is very important Burger index, a long-standing successful competitor in this market, owes much of its economic success to its pricing methodology, sales preservation and enhancement, and expertness to compete within the unique structure of the fast provender market. Since the market in which Burger office competes is characterized by intense competition with other international fast food chains, regional chains, local independent re staurants, whatsis stores, grocery store delicatessens and food counters, the ability to effectively plan plays an crucial role.Organization at Burger office is also key, because the fast food market structure can be best described as a monopolistic market structure in which many firms produce similar goods or serve but each firm maintains some independent control of its own price. The TQM element of leadership is important to Burger King because the barriers to entry in this type of market are fairly low and new competitors can easily enter the market.Burger King has taken several steps to place themselves in an optimal competitive position. For example, Burger Kings non-pricing strategy has been to invest significant financial resources to advertise products, differentiate themselves from the competition, build check image, and improve brand committal. Although such advertising is fairly expensive, Burger King has used this non-price competitive tool to build brand loyalty an d change consumer determinants of demand.Burger King has protected their brand by actively pursuing infringers and protecting their trademarked names. Burger King also uses a pricing strategy to preserve and enhance sales. All of its prices remain competitive with those of competitors, and Burger King will also implement sales or specially priced items occasionally to attract more consumers. Additionally, Burger King routinely tests and places on the menu new items, in accordance with fast food industry trends and consumer surveys. In this way, Burger King has maintained effectively the phase of control in the TQM model.A non-profit organization, such as a public school, also implements the elements of TQM by means of the principals actions. For example, the leader in a learning organization implements the aspect of planning by developing and administering policies that provide a safe school environment and establish working(a) plans and processes to accomplish strategic goals. The principal must be organized, because the major sources of fiscal and nonphysical resources for the school including business and community resources must be analyzed and identified. Additionally, the financial and material assets must be managed, as well as capital goods and services, allocating resources according to district or school priorities. Policy victimization includes an efficient budget planning process that is driven by district and school priorities and involves the staff and community.A strong leadership quality in the public school system is the ability to identify and organize resources to achieve curricular and instructional goals. Research indicates that the process of planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating a district budget must be analyzed, and techniques and organizational skills necessary to lead and manage a complex and diverse organization must be demonstrated. Furthermore, policy development includes the planning and scheduling of ones own and others work so that resources are used appropriately, and short- and long-term priorities and goals are met.A giving medication agency, such as the detective task force located within a police municipality is also an organization in which TQM is very important. For example, the desoxyribonucleic acid analysis conducted by a detective can mean the difference amidst an individual incorrectly serving a life sentence on death row, convicted as a result of forensic hair analysis. Just within the past few years, the rise of DNA testing has revealed enormous failings in the microscopic hair analysis that was considered reliable a generation ago. The use of forensic DNA analysis in solving crime is proving to be as revolutionary as the introduction of fingerprint evidence in court more than a century ago, so planning and organization in such an environment is essential to eliminating false convictions.The value of DNA to police investigations is enormous, and leadership and control in suc h an investigation are very important. For example, biological samples cool from a crime scene can either standoff a suspect to the scene, or tower the suspect out as the donor of the DNA. Evidence from different crime scenes can be compared to link the same perpetrator to multiple offenses, whether the crimes took place locally, across the country, or halfway around the world.Thus, as indicated above, TQM is a business model that affects virtually every type of business sector. The importance of leadership as it relates to quality can be seen in each of the above-mentioned sectors. Leadership is important at Burger King, because the fast food industry is so competitive that strong leadership is the difference between success and failure.In a non-profit organization such as a public school, the quality of education that the students will receive while attending that school is directly related to the type of leadership exhibited by the principal. Finally, in a government organiza tion such as a police department, leadership can mean the difference between an incorrect guilty verdict or letting a criminal go free. Therefore, every type of business would be well advised to implement a TQM model in their management style.

Classical Conditioning

unspotted learn has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The close nonable example of this is the 1962 overbold A Clockwork orangeness written by Anthony burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the deeply Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is cured of his evil tendencies via unstained condition. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural pare perceptiveness of excitement or joy serves as the UR.The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently light. In turn Alex typeually becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement fellow travellerd with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic throw to bring outher response (GSR) to farm the optimal results. GSR is use to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses excellent elect rodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie demodulator test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of absolute conditioning when employ to modify carriage (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also utilize as a marketing tool. classic conditioning is generally used with low-involvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when sensation is watch (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products unremarkably attacks the consumer through repairive means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales prom otional material ( item sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a superfluity of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a affirmatory response (UR) in the soul exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad indeed becomes the CS.The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed psyche at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big favour to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive steamy feeling toward the event can be intense.This can also be a double-edged mark as w ell. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed persons favorite team up loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One land spaciously covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this search due to his 1982 sample involving background music and the color of spell chosen as a dower (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing anformer(a) pen color with forbidding music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a outstrip of one to seven. and so dickens pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked victimisation a be scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the reversion ends of the spectrum. The subjects then we re exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant.When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major carry on because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), entirely the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement announce needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively trenchant for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great jackpot of attention is paying(a) to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The world-cla ss time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that capitulum on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they dont have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain novel with ongoing variations.Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is cured of his evil tendencies via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of excitement or joy serves as the UR.The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex finally becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic skin response (GSR) to get the optimal results. GSR is used to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small electrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of classical conditioning when used to modify behavior (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-involvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is involved (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products usually attacks the consumer through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a plethora of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the person exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS.The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be intense.This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed persons favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One area extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this research due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the color of pen chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing another pen color with unpleasant music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a scale of one to seven. Then two p en colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a ranking scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the opposite ends of the spectrum. The subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant.When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertising needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively searc hing for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that point on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they dont have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain fresh with ongoing variations.